{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:53:49Z","timestamp":1786632829803,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Laboratory Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Apelin\u201013 and Galectin\u20103 (Gal\u20103) are bioactive mediators linked to inflammation and cardiometabolic pathways. Their clinical utility in COVID\u201019 alongside routine laboratory tests remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this case\u2013control study, 89 adults were enrolled (COVID\u201019 negative controls,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200944; COVID\u201019 positive patients confirmed by PCR and\/or CT,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200945). Serum Apelin\u201013 and Gal\u20103 were measured by ELISA, and routine biochemical parameters were obtained using automated analyzers. Group comparisons and correlation analyses were performed, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed discriminatory performance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with controls, the COVID\u201019 group showed higher ALT (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.046), GGT (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004), ALP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), total bilirubin (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008), direct bilirubin (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), urea (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), creatinine (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), glucose (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), and CRP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), and lower eGFR (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), albumin (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.010), and total cholesterol (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.021). In controls, Apelin\u201013 correlated negatively with urea (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.333,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.027) and Gal\u20103 correlated negatively with cholesterol (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.342,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.023). In COVID\u201019 patients, Apelin\u201013 correlated positively with glucose (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.320,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.032) and negatively with sodium (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.323,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.030). ROC analysis showed limited diagnostic value for Gal\u20103 (AUC\u2009=\u20090.549;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.426) and Apelin\u201013 (AUC\u2009=\u20090.533;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.594).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Apelin\u201013 and Gal\u20103 showed limited associations with selected biochemical alterations in COVID\u201019, but neither biomarker demonstrated adequate standalone discriminatory performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  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