{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:58:48Z","timestamp":1790686728885,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Laboratory Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a context of HIV seropositivity below 5%, transitioning from a two\u2010 to a three\u2010test algorithm is required to secure positive predictive values &gt;\u200999% for mitigating false reactivity. With Cameroon having 2.7% seroprevalence, we sought to ascertain events of false reactivity from eight WHO\u2010prequalified HIV rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and design suitable combinations for the country three\u2010test algorithm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A facility\u2010based study was conducted in July\u2013August 2021 among 172 consenting clients attending health facilities in Yaound\u00e9\u2010Cameroon. Whole blood was collected and samples characterized in parallel using KHB Diagnostic Kit for HIV (1\u2009+\u20092) Antibody and INNO\u2010LIA HIV I\/II Ag\/Ab to rule out reactive cases. Two lots of each selected RDT were tested simultaneously in quadruplicate on HIV non\u2010reactive samples and repeated by a different tester. RDTs were considered false positive if any reactivity was detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following characterization, 25 samples were HIV\u2010reactive (i.e., ruled out) and 147 non\u2010reactive. Following random selection, 100 non\u2010reactive samples tested for false reactivity revealed: 0% (0\/100) First Response HIV 1\u20132\u2010O Card, 0% (0\/100) First Response HIV1\u2009+\u20092\/Syphilis Combo, 0% (0\/100) STANDARD Q HIV\/Syphilis Combo, 0% (0\/99) ONE STEP Anti\u2010HIV1&amp;2 (one invalid result); 1% (1\/100) Determine HIV Early Detect and Bioline HIV\/Syphilis Duo, 2% (2\/100) Alere Determine HIV\u20101\/2, 4% (4\/100) Rapid Test for Antibody to HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the Cameroonian context, HIV false reactivity ranged from 0% to 4% across selected RDTs. Thus, a reliable three\u2010test algorithm ranks First Response HIV 1\u20132\u20100 Card, First Response HIV1\u2009+\u20092\/Syphilis Combo or STANDARD Q as suitable RDT\u20101 to mitigate false\u2010positive events at the country\u2010level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.70333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:31:26Z","timestamp":1786512686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Verification of False Reactivity in\n                    <scp>HIV<\/scp>\n                    Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Its Translation Into the Three Tests Algorithm in Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Rogers Ajeh","family":"Awoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Technical Group National AIDS Control Committee, Ministry of Public Health  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"},{"name":"Global Funds and Partners' Grants Coordination Unit Ministry of Public Health  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9","family":"Takou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isidore Oscar Bienvenu Etogo","family":"Ondigui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Country Office  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Onana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Technical Group National AIDS Control Committee, Ministry of Public Health  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Kembou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Country Office  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Chenwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mabongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Technical Group National AIDS Control Committee, Ministry of Public Health  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace Beloumou","family":"Angong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome 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Bouba","family":"Pamen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Financial Resources and Heritage Ministry of Public Health  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaound\u00e9 I  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Ndjolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaound\u00e9 I  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Lastrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Global HIV Hepatitis, and STI Programmes  Geneva 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\u201d(2022) https:\/\/aidsinfo.unaids.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Testing Services: 5Cs: Consent, Confidentiality, Counselling, Correct Results and Connection","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Testing Services","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et de Sant\u00e9 et \u00e0 Indicateurs Multiples du Cameroun 2011","author":"Institut National de la Statistique (INS)","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et de Sant\u00e9 du Cameroun 2018","author":"Institut National de la Statistique (INS)","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981\u2010016\u20100092\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Using HIV Testing Technologies in Surveillance: Selection, Evaluation and Implementation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"28","volume-title":"Optimizing HIV Testing Algorithms: A Generic Verification Protocol for Selecting Appropriate HIV Serology Assays and Assessing the Level of Shared False Reactivity","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans\u20102016\u2010053069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00962-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"The Global Fund \u201cPrioritizing the adoption and implementation of low\u2010cost quality\u2010assured HIV rapid diagnostic tests \u201d(2025) https:\/\/resources.theglobalfund.org\/media\/ki2h3xwi\/cr_prioritizing\u2010qa\u2010low\u2010cost\u2010rdts_technical\u2010briefing\u2010note_fr.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cLow\u2010cost quality assured HIV tests to sustain access to life\u2010saving services \u201d(2025) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/07\u201005\u20102025\u2010low\u2010cost\u2010\u2010quality\u2010assured\u2010hiv\u2010tests\u2010to\u2010sustain\u2010access\u2010to\u2010life\u2010saving\u2010services."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cPreventing HIV misdiagnosis: implementation guide \u201d(2024) https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240092136."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105843"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2025.10.008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcla.70333","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jcla.70333","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcla.70333","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:24:42Z","timestamp":1790684682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcla.70333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcla.70333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcla.70333","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-8013","1098-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0887-8013","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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