{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:48:32Z","timestamp":1772790512055,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,14]],"date-time":"2004-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1087171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pharmacotherapy is an effective part of treatment for most anxiety disorders, but not for specific phobia or performance anxiety. In them it is contraindicated, because it interferes with the effectiveness of exposure therapies and the extinction of fear responses. Interference with exposure\u2013extinction is a drug side effect that should rarely if ever be tolerated in treating them. This article reviews the many indications for pharmacotherapy in treating most anxiety disorders and contrasts its usefulness in treatment of anxiety disorders with its relatively rare usefulness in treating specific phobias and performance anxiety. In both the latter disorders, benzodiazepines interfere with exposure and generally are best avoided, although temporary use, with safeguards, can sometimes be helpful for a specific phobia. The recent discovery that <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010cycloserine (DCS) facilitates exposure and the extinction of anxiety offers promise that it could in the future be usefully and broadly employed to catalyze and enhance exposure therapies. \u00a9 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol\/In Session.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,14]],"date-time":"2004-06-14T18:01:14Z","timestamp":1087236074000},"page":"867-879","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Pharmacotherapy for performance anxiety disorders: Occasionally useful but typically contraindicated"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Lee","family":"Birk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic","author":"Barlow D.H.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Harvard guide to psychiatry","author":"Birk L.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.3.408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07084.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Davis M.(2003b November).The role of NMDA receptors in extinction. 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Archives of General Psychiatry."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.6.876"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"The management of stress and anxiety in medical disorders","author":"Spiegel D.A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical application","author":"Stahl S.M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Attending to anxiety disorders in primary care","volume":"64","author":"Stein M.B.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.62.2.350"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00033-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Wilhelm F.H. &Roth W.T.(1996 November).Acute and delayed effects of alprazolam on flight phobics during exposure. 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