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In this study of 169 individuals seeking outpatient treatment for problem gambling, lifetime drug use and medication use were very high. Approximately half of the sample were using a psychiatric medication at the time they sought gambling treatment while very few individuals were using other drugs. Gambling treatment outcomes were unrelated to history of drug or medication use. No evidence was found for substitution of psychoactive substance use for gambling during the follow\u2010up year. These findings indicate that gamblers are more likely to be involved with drug and medication use compared to the general population, but that such histories are not associated with gambling treatment outcomes. \u00a9 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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