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We investigated temperament characteristics retrospectively during infancy and toddlerhood in subjects with PBD (n=25), attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n=25), and healthy controls (n=25). Children with PBD were reported to experience increased difficult temperament in both infancy and toddlerhood compared to children with ADHD. Several characteristics of difficult temperament were associated with residual symptoms of mania and depression. Difficult premorbid temperament characteristics may be a specific indicator of a bipolar diathesis, or might signal underlying dysfunction in affective processes that significantly increase risk for a mood disorder. \u00a9 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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