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This study examined how early adolescents' heritage and mainstream cultural identities and behaviors associated with friendship ties in minority\u2010only class networks. Early adolescents (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009146,\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u200911.24, 54.4% boys) in minority\u2010only primary schools reported their heritage and mainstream cultural identities and behaviors and completed a sociometric measure of their friendship networks. Exponential Random Graph Models revealed that stronger heritage cultural identities and behaviors were associated with more friendships in class. Whereas mainstream cultural behaviors were linked to more friendships, stronger mainstream cultural identities were associated with fewer friendships, however. Early adolescents' cultural orientations were linked to friendship ties in minority\u2010only classes, yet associations differed between cultural identities and behaviors. Our findings highlight the need for a more nuanced approach of acculturation in early adolescence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.70081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T17:15:09Z","timestamp":1767806109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["To Be Bicultural Is to Be Friends? Associating Early Adolescents' Cultural Identities and Behaviors With Friendship Networks in Minority\u2010Only Schools"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0681-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessie","family":"Hillekens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Social and Cultural Psychology University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias H.","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Phalet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Social and Cultural Psychology University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511489891.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/226505"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/002075997400629"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Making Human Beings Human: Bioecological Perspectives on Human Development","author":"Bronfenbrenner U.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167213500149"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385522-0.00003-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"Brussels Institute for Statistics and Analysis.2023.Kerncijfers per gemeente: Sint\u2010Jans\u2010Molenbeek [Core numbers per municipality \u2010 Sint\u2010Jans\u2010Molenbeek]. 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