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This study draws on structural equation modeling and high\u2010quality measures to test the pathways linking a novel measure of neighborhood\u2010level hostility, crime, and built environment features to individuals' perceived safety and mental health. The results suggest that neighborhood crime and perceived safety are directly associated with men's, but not women's, mental health. Additionally, neighborhood hostility, tree canopy, and walkability are indirectly linked to men's mental health via their associations with crime and perceived safety. Findings show that neighborhood hostility and walkability were directly associated with perceived safety for both women and men, while tree canopy was indirectly linked to perceived safety through its relationship with neighborhood hostility. According to these results, equity\u2010oriented built environment interventions have the potential to reduce neighborhood\u2010level hostility and crime, and enhance population mental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.70108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T08:21:03Z","timestamp":1781511663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathways to Mental Health: Exploring the Relationships Among Neighborhood Hostility, Crime, Built Environment, and Perceived Safety"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2296-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Urbanisation Culture Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Centre International de Criminologie Compar\u00e9e (CICC) Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Current affiliation: Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie, UMR, IDEES CNRS  Caen France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"C\u00f4t\u00e9\u2010Lussier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Urbanisation Culture Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Centre International de Criminologie Compar\u00e9e (CICC) Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Regroupement Intersectoriel de Recherche en Sant\u00e9 de l'Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec (RISUQ) Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12391"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00967.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838015576412"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2009.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-3-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s204579602000075x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-007-9229-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Communaut\u00e9 M\u00e9tropolitaine de Montr\u00e9al.2017.Indice Canop\u00e9e M\u00e9tropolitain 2015.https:\/\/observatoire.cmm.qc.ca\/produits\/donnees-georeferencees\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112820"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrall S. 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