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In contrast, insulin was inhibitory to a proximal tubule function, PEPCK activity, following a 5\u2010minute incubation period. An insulin dosage as low as 10<jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup> M was inhibitory to PEPCK activity, suggesting the involvement of insulin receptors. Although insulin was required at a significantly higher dosage to stimulate the growth of the primary renal proximal, tubule cells than to inhibit PEPCK activity, the elevated dosage required in order to observe a growth effect may be explained by the degradation of insulin by the primary renal proximal tubule cells. However the possible involvement of receptors for Insulin\u2010like Growth Factor I (IGF\u2010I) and Insulin\u2010like Growth Factor II (IGF\u2010II) in mediating the effects of insulin cannot be excluded. Other effector molecules were also examined with respect to their effects on PEPCK activity. The possible involvement of cyclic AMP in the control of the PEPCK activity of the primary renal cells was indicated by the stimulatory effects of 8 bromocyclic AMP, isobutyl methylxanthine (a cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor), and forskolin (an activator of adenylate cyclase). Phorbol 12\u2010myristate 13\u2010acetate (TPA), which activates protein kinase C, was inhibitory. The actions of these effector molecules and insulin on the PEPCK activity of the primary renal cultures are remarkably similar to their effects on hepatic PEPCK. Several growth factors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) were also examined. FGF was observed to be stimulatory, whereas TCF beta was inhibitory to the PEPCK activity of the primary renal proximal tubule cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041470224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,26]],"date-time":"2005-02-26T08:42:47Z","timestamp":1109407367000},"page":"374-382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Insulin and other regulatory factors modulate the growth and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity of primary rabbit kidney proximal tubule cells in serum free medium"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Taub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63606-3","article-title":"Purification of phospho\u2010enolpyruvate carboxykinase from the cytosol fraction of rat liver and the immunochemical demonstration of differences between this enzyme and the mitochondrial phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase","volume":"244","author":"Ballard F. 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