{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T13:15:23Z","timestamp":1747746923562},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]],"date-time":"2005-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4052,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal Cellular Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ribonucleotide reductase is a highly regulated activity responsible for reducing ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, which are required for DNA synthesis and DNA repair. We have tested the hypothesis that malignant cell populations contain alterations in signal pathways important in controlling the expression of the two genes that code for ribonucleotide reductase, R1 and R2. A series of radiation and H\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> transformed mouse 10T1\/2 cell lines with increasing malignant potential were exposed to stimulators of cAMP synthesis (forskolin and cholera toxin), an inhibitor of cAMP degradation (3\u2010isobutyl\u20101\u2010methylxanthine) and a biologically stable analogue of cAMP (8\u2010bromo\u2010cAMP). Dramatic elevations in the expression of the R1 and R2 genes at the message and protein levels were observed in malignant metastatic populations, which were not detected in the normal parental cell line or in cells capable of benign tumor formation. These changes in ribonucleotide reductase gene expression occurred without any detectable modifications in the rates of DNA synthesis, showing that they were regulated by a novel mechanism independent of the S phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, studies with forskolin (a stimulator of the protein kinase A signal pathway) and the tumor promoter 12\u20130\u2010tetradecanoylphorbol\u201013\u2010acetate (a stimulator of the protein kinase C signal pathway), alone or in combination, indicated that their effects on R1 and R2 gene expression in a highly malignant cell line were greater than when they were tested individually, suggesting that the two pathways modulating R1 and R2 gene expression can cooperate to regulate ribonucleotide reduction, and interestingly this can occur in a synergistic fashion. Also, a direct relationship between H\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> expression and ribonucleotide reductase gene expression was observed; analysis of forskolin mediated elevations in R1 and R2 message levels closely correlated with the levels of H\u2010<jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> expression in the various cell lines. In total, these studies demonstrate that ribonucleotide reductase expression is controlled by a complex process, and malignant <jats:italic>ras<\/jats:italic> transformed cells contain alterations in the regulation of signal transduction pathways that lead to novel modifications in ribonucleotide reductase gene expression. This signal mechanism, which is aberrantly regulated in malignant cells, may be related to regulatory pathways involved in determining ribonucleotide reductase expression in a S phase independent manner during periods of DNA repair. \u00a9 1994 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041580123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,26]],"date-time":"2005-02-26T05:02:30Z","timestamp":1109394150000},"page":"187-197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Alterations in the cyclic AMP signal transduction pathway regulating ribonucleotide reductase gene expression in malignant H\u2010<i>ras<\/i> transformed cell lines"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Robert A. 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