{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:56:07Z","timestamp":1779238567471,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]],"date-time":"2005-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3748,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal Cellular Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interferon\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u2010\u03b3) is a product of activated T\u2010lymphocytes, and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1) is a product of both lymphocytes and macrophages. These cell types are often present at sites of tissue damage secondary to chronic infection or autoimmune disease. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 on a human submandibular gland epithelial cell line (HSG). IFN\u2010\u03b3 caused a concentration\u2010dependent decrease in HSG cell growth (\u223c70% in 6 days). Conversely, TNF\u2010\u03b1 alone had little effect on the growth of these cells. When these cytokines were added in combination (20 units\/ml TNF\u2010\u03b1 and 1,000 units\/ml of IFN\u2010\u03b3), there was a synergistic antiproliferative effect; no apparent cell growth was observed. The cytokine\u2010induced antiproliferative effect was reversible. After the apparent cessation of cell growth for 3\u20136 days, removal of the cytokines permitted complete growth recovery. Further, cells that recovered and exhibited growth patterns that were similar to control cells remained susceptible to the antiproliferative effects of the cytokines. Flow cytometry revealed that the percentage of cells in G0\/G1 with the combination of cytokines was significantly increased by 24 h. The antiproliferative effect of IFN\u2010\u03b3 alone and that of IFN\u2010\u03b3 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 in combination were blocked completely using an antibody to the IFN\u2010\u03b3 receptor. A hypothesized mechanism of tissue damage in autoimmune inflammatory disorders is via up\u2010regulation of cell surface markers such as intercellular adhesion molecule type I (ICAM\u20101) and histocompatibility antigen HLA\u2010DR which can exacerbate the inflammatory process. Treatment of HSG cells with IFN\u2010\u03b3, with or without TNF\u2010\u03b1, resulted in increased levels of ICAM\u20101 and the acquisition of HLA\u2010DR expression. These aggregate data suggest that IFN\u2010\u03b3 alone can regulate the expression of cell surface markers involved in the inflammatory process as well as cause a potent yet reversible inhibition of HSG cell growth that is modulated by the presence of TNF\u2010\u03b1. \u00a9 1994 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#note1\"\/><jats:fn><jats:p>This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.<\/jats:p><\/jats:fn>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041610205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,26]],"date-time":"2005-02-26T05:01:45Z","timestamp":1109394105000},"page":"217-226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Effect of tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 and interferon\u2010\u03b3 on the growth of a human salivary gland cell line"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Ava J.","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina H.","family":"Kurrasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip C.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce J.","family":"Baum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane C.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-28-2-207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/318665a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(72)90141-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(84)90780-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/274798a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114481"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(80)90053-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90629-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.6.1727","article-title":"IFN\u2010\u03b3 enhances endothelial activation induced by tumor necrosis factor but not IL\u20101","volume":"145","author":"Doukas J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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