{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:49:35Z","timestamp":1790268575815,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,5]],"date-time":"2004-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1091664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal Cellular Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three mammalian isoforms of transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2 (TGF\u03b2) are known, TGF\u03b21, 2, and 3, that have non\u2010overlapping functions during development. However, their specific roles in cancers such as prostate cancer are less clear. Here we show that primary cultures of prostatic epithelial cells preferentially produce and activate the latent TGF\u03b22 isoform. Paired cultures of normal and malignant prostate cells from prostate cancer patients produced predominantly the TGF\u03b22 isoform, with 30\u2010 to 70\u2010fold less TGF\u03b21. By mono\u2010Q ion exchange chromatography, three major peaks of latent TGF\u03b22 activity were observed corresponding to the known small latent TGF\u03b22 complex, the known large latent TGF\u03b22 complex and a novel eluting peak of latent TGF\u03b22. Although prostate cells are known to activate latent TGF\u03b2, the mechanism for activation is currently unclear. We investigated whether prostate specific antigen (PSA), a serine protease used as a clinical marker for prostate cancer, could play a role in the activation of latent TGF\u03b2. Unlike plasmin, a known activator of both latent TGF\u03b21 and 2, PSA specifically activated the recombinant small latent form of TGF\u03b22, but not TGF\u03b21. Prostate epithelial cells, therefore, preferentially produce the TGF\u03b22 isoform and PSA, a protease produced by the prostate, specifically targets the activation of this TGF\u03b2 isoform. PSA\u2010mediated activation of latent TGF\u03b22 may be an important mechanism for autocrine TGF\u03b2 regulation in the prostate and may potentially contribute to the formation of osteoblastic lesions in bone metastatic prostate cancer. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,5]],"date-time":"2004-08-05T12:23:03Z","timestamp":1091708583000},"page":"361-370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Preferential production of latent transforming growth factor \u03b2\u20102 by primary prostatic epithelial cells and its activation by prostate\u2010specific antigen"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"202","author":[{"given":"S.L.","family":"Dallas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.D.","family":"Cramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.M.","family":"Peehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.F.","family":"Bonewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1994.1042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2002.0716"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19970401)31:1<61::AID-PROS10>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450033491118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0045(20010301)46:4<311::AID-PROS1038>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"903","volume-title":"Transforming growth factor beta. 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