{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:45:08Z","timestamp":1786977908186,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,18]],"date-time":"2008-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1229558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal Cellular Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Many cells respond directionally to small DC electrical fields (EFs) by an unknown mechanism, but changes in intracellular Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    are widely assumed to be involved. We have used zebrafish (\n                    <jats:italic>Danio rerio<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) keratocytes in an effort to understand the nature of the EF\u2010cell interaction. We find that the adult zebrafish integument drives substantial currents outward through wounds produced by scale removal, establishing that keratocytes near the wound will experience endogenous EFs. Isolated keratocytes in culture turn toward the cathode in fields as small as 7 mV\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and the response is independent of cell size. Epidermal sheets are similarly sensitive. The frequency of intracellular Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    spikes and basal Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    levels were increased by EFs, but the spikes were not a necessary aspect of migration or EF response. Two\u2010photon imaging failed to detect a pattern of gradients of Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    across the lamellipodia during normal or EF\u2010induced turning but did detect a sharp, stable Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    gradient at the junction of the lamellipodium and the cell body. We conclude that gradients of Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    within the lamellipodium are not required for the EF response. Immunostaining revealed an anode to cathode gradient of integrin \u03b21 during EF\u2010induced turning, and interference with integrin function attenuated the EF response. Neither electrophoretic redistribution of membrane proteins nor asymmetric perturbations of the membrane potential appear to be involved in the EF response, and we propose a new model in which hydrodynamic forces generated by electro\u2010osmotic water flow mediate EF\u2010cell interactions via effects on focal adhesions. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 162\u2013172, 2009. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T18:08:21Z","timestamp":1230142101000},"page":"162-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["The involvement of Ca\n                    <sup>2+<\/sup>\n                    and integrins in directional responses of zebrafish keratocytes to electric fields"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"219","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Cormie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Messerli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth 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