{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:25:44Z","timestamp":1768317944599,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,24]],"date-time":"2011-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal Cellular Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Applying tissue engineering principles to design an auto\u2010secretory device is a potential solution for patients suffering loss of salivary gland function. However, the largest challenge in implementing this solution is the primary culture of human salivary gland cells, because the cells are highly differentiated and difficult to expand in vitro. This situation leads to the lack of reports on the in vitro cell biology and physiology of human salivary gland cells. This study used a low\u2010calcium culture system to selectively cultivate human parotid gland acinar (PGAC) cells from tissues with high purity in cell composition. This condition enables PGAC cells to continuously proliferate and retain the phenotypes of epithelial acinar cells to express secreting products (\u03b1\u2010amylase) and function\u2010related proteins (aquaporin\u20103, aquaporin\u20105, and ZO\u20101). Notably, when the cells reached confluence, three\u2010dimensional (3D) cell aggregates were observed in crowded regions. These self\u2010formed cell spheres were termed post\u2010confluence structures (PCSs). Unexpectedly, despite being cultured in the same media, cells in PCSs exhibited higher expression levels and different expression patterns of function\u2010related proteins compared to the two\u2010dimensional (2D) cells. Translocation of aquoporin\u20103 from cytosolic to alongside the cell boundaries, and of ZO\u20101 molecules to the boundary of the PCSs were also observed. These observations suggest that when PGAC cells cultured on the 2D substrate would form PCSs without the help of 3D scaffolds and retain certain differentiation and polarity. This phenomenon implies that it is possible to introduce 2D substrates instead of 3D scaffolds into artificial salivary gland tissue engineering. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 3076\u20133085, 2011. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,2]],"date-time":"2011-02-02T15:12:04Z","timestamp":1296659524000},"page":"3076-3085","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Human salivary gland acinar cells spontaneously form three\u2010dimensional structures and change the protein expression 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