{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T20:05:55Z","timestamp":1762459555649,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]],"date-time":"2018-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal Cellular Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic generalized disorder due to insulin insufficiency or resistance. Skeletal muscles represent one of the most important target organs that is affected by insulin signaling. The aim of the current work was to investigate the effect of metformin versus vitamin D (and also simultaneous administration) therapy in type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats on the state of the muscle and insulin sensitivity. Thirty six male rats constituted the animal model and have been divided into five groups: control, Diabetic, Diabetic\u2009+\u2009Metformin, Diabetic\u2009+\u2009Vitamin D, Diabetic\u2009+\u2009Metformin\u2009+\u2009Vitamin D. Blood samples were taken for biochemical measurements of serum calcium, interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106), Triglycerides (TG), glucose, insulin, and calculation of HOMA\u2010IR, and then rats were sacrificed, dissected for removal of gastrocnemius muscle that is used for both biochemical, histopathological and electron microscopy examination. Oral administration of vitamin D alone or in combination with metformin improved insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscles, and sustained the metabolic complications along with muscle atrophy and inflammation in T2D rats. We demonstrated super\u2010beneficial action on insulin resistance of additional vitamin D therapy in T2DM rats that were insufficiently controlled by metformin alone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,5]],"date-time":"2017-12-05T10:19:24Z","timestamp":1512469164000},"page":"5768-5779","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Synergistic actions of vitamin D and metformin on skeletal muscles and insulin resistance of type 2 diabetic rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9232-2389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaimaa N.","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology Cairo University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Usama K.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Beni\u2010Suef University Beni Suef Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Chonbuk National University Medical School Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University\u2010Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences Jeonju Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanan D.","family":"Yassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology Beni\u2010Suef University Beni Suef Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherif S.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education California University of Sciences and Medicine Colton, California"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Anatomy Department Cairo University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laila A.","family":"Rashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Department of Biochemistry Cairo University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]]},"reference":[{"first-page":"220","volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals","year":"2001","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1"},{"volume-title":"Comparing groups: Three or more independent groups of observations in practical statistics for medical research","year":"2005","author":"Altman G. 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