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Four PP1 isoforms, PP1\u03b1, PP1\u03b2, PP1\u03b31, and PP1\u03b32, exist; three of them except PP1\u03b32 are ubiquitous. The fact that PP1\u03b32 isoform is present only in mammalian testis and sperm led to the notion that isoform\u2010specific regulators for PP1\u03b32 in sperm may be responsible for its function. In this report, we studied these inhibitors, PPP1R2, R7, and R11, to determine their spatial and temporal expression in testis and their regulatory functions in sperm. We show that, similar to PP1\u03b32, the three inhibitors are expressed at high levels in developing spermatogenic cells. However, the transcripts for the regulators are expressed as unique sizes in testis compared with somatic tissues. The three regulators share localization with PP1\u03b32 in the head and the principal piece of sperm. We show that the association of inhibitors to PP1\u03b32 changes during epididymal sperm maturation. In immotile caput epididymal sperm, PPP1R2 and PPP1R7 are not bound to PP1\u03b32, whereas in motile caudal sperm, all three inhibitors are bound as heterodimers or heterotrimers. In caudal sperm from male mice lacking sAC and glycogen synthase kinase 3, where motility and fertility are impaired, the association of PP1\u03b32 to the inhibitors resembles immature caput sperm. Changes in the association of the regulators with PP1\u03b32, due to their phosphorylation, are part of biochemical mechanisms responsible for the development of motility and fertilizing ability of sperm during their passage through the epididymis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,25]],"date-time":"2018-08-25T13:39:20Z","timestamp":1535204360000},"page":"3105-3118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Regulators of the protein phosphatase PP1\u03b32, PPP1R2, PPP1R7, and PPP1R11 are involved in epididymal sperm maturation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"234","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2677-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suranjana","family":"Goswami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Kent State University Kent 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