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To investigate the effects of cold stimulation on immunity in tracheal of broilers, 360 one\u2010day\u2010old chicks were raised at normal temperatures during 1\u20137 days. From 8 day, G1 (control) continued to be raised at normal temperatures, whereas G2 and G3 (treatment groups) were cold\u2010stimulated at 3\u00b0C and 12\u00b0C below the temperature of G1, respectively. At 42 day, all the groups were subjected to a 24\u2010hr acute cold stress, designated as S1, S2, and S3. Tracheal tissues were collected to detect gene levels of immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides, Hsps, and cytokines, and oxidative stress\u2010related indicators at 14 day, 42 day, and 43 day, and protein levels of Hsps and proinflammatory cytokines as well as morphology changes at 42 day and 43 day. The results showed that, compared with 42G1, tracheal structure of 42G2 was basically intact, and gene levels of immunoglobulins and antimicrobial peptides increased (<jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.05), whereas tracheal structure of 42G3 was destroyed, with decreased levels of immunoglobulins (\n<jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.05), and increased levels of Hsps and proinflammatory cytokines (\n<jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.05). At 43 day, tracheal damage was visible and gene levels of immunoglobulins and antimicrobial peptides decreased in S1 (\n<jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.05). Tracheal structure was relatively intact and gene levels of antimicrobial peptides increased in S2 (\n<jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05<\/jats:italic>). Compared with S1 and S3, immune\u2010related gene levels in S2 were higher, and Hsps and proinflammatory cytokines levels were lower. The results demonstrate that cold stimulation of lower 3\u00b0C from 8 to 42 day led to cold acclimation, which improved immunity of tracheal mucosa and resistance to cold stress in broilers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T11:13:59Z","timestamp":1540552439000},"page":"7198-7212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Pre\u2010cold acclimation improves the immune function of trachea and resistance to cold stress in broilers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"234","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0537-1551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingying","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Welfare, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin 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