{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T08:26:00Z","timestamp":1787127960370,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Cellular Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex (MAC) and\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MAP) cause zoonotic infections transmitted by birds and livestock herds. These pathogens have remained as serious economic and health threats in most areas of the world. As zoonotic diseases, the risk of development of occupational disease and even death outcome necessitate implementation of control strategies to prevent its spread. Zoonotic MAP infections include Crohn\u2019s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, sarcoidosis, diabetes mellitus, and immune\u2010related diseases (such as Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis). Paratuberculosis has classified as type B epidemic zoonotic disease according to world health organization which is transmitted to human through consumption of dairy and meat products. In addition, MAC causes pulmonary manifestations and lymphadenitis in normal hosts and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progression (by serotypes 1, 4, and 8). Furthermore, other subspecies have caused respiratory abscesses, neck lymph nodes, and disseminated osteomyelitis in children and ulcers. However, the data over the occupational relatedness of these subspecies is rare. These agents can cause occupational infections in susceptible herd breeders. Several molecular methods have been recognized as proper strategies for tracking the infection. In this study, some zoonotic aspects, worldwide prevalence and control strategies regarding infections due to MAP and MAC and related subspecies has been reviewed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T13:01:55Z","timestamp":1548334915000},"page":"12415-12421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["<i>Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Mycobacterium avium<\/i>\n                    complex and related subspecies as causative agents of zoonotic and occupational diseases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"234","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6440-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Eslami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Virology Semnan University of Medical Sciences Semnan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morvarid","family":"Shafiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdolmajid","family":"Ghasemian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Valizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Virology Semnan University of Medical Sciences Semnan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Hussein","family":"Al\u2010Marzoqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science for Women Babylon University Hillah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyyed Khalil","family":"Shokouhi Mostafavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farshad","family":"Nojoomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyede Amene","family":"Mirforughi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0549-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1387-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-016-0115-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1421-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_1_8_1","first-page":"304","article-title":"Identification of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strains isolated from dairy goats and dairy sheep in Ontario, Canada","volume":"81","author":"Bauman C. 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