{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T07:20:48Z","timestamp":1781594448809,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,10]],"date-time":"2019-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Cellular Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy in men in the world, and radiotherapy is used as a standard treatment modality for this cancer. Although this treatment modality effectively kills prostate cancerous cells, it unavoidably irradiates the organs\/tissues that are away from the treatment site. In this regard, radiation\u2010induced testicular toxicities following prostate radiotherapy can affect sexual function, reproduction, and quality of life in cancer survivors. This review summarizes the available data on testicular exposure to radiation during prostate radiotherapy and the consequences on testicular function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To illuminate the radiation\u2010induced testicular toxicities following prostate radiotherapy, a systematic search was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses guideline in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and clinical trials electronic databases up to September 2018. According to a set of prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria, 31 eligible articles providing data on testicular function following radiotherapy in patients with prostate cancer were included in the study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to the different radiotherapeutic techniques used for prostate cancer treatment, the total tumor dose and scattered testicular dose values were ranging from 36.25 to 78.00\u2009Gy and 0.06 to 6.48\u2009Gy, respectively. Luteinizing hormone and follicle\u2010stimulating hormone levels after prostate radiotherapy were signi\ufb01cantly higher in comparison with the pretreatment levels. Around 60% of the studies showed that testosterone levels after prostate radiotherapy were signi\ufb01cantly lower than the pretreatment levels. Furthermore, erectile dysfunction (ED), as an adverse side effect resulting from prostate radiotherapy, was reported and this complication is signi\ufb01cantly correlated with lower satisfaction with sexual life. Testicular atrophy following prostate radiotherapy has also been observed and its frequency in patients with prior prostate radiotherapy is 2.5 times more than that in the patients without prior radiotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data revealed that the scattered dose to testicular tissues during prostate radiotherapy can lead to testicular atrophy, variation of the male sex hormones, and quality of sexual life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]],"date-time":"2019-02-11T07:58:11Z","timestamp":1549871891000},"page":"14828-14837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["A systematic review of radiation\u2010induced testicular toxicities following radiotherapy for prostate cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"234","author":[{"given":"Bagher","family":"Farhood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Radiology Faculty of Paramedical Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keywan","family":"Mortezaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy School of Medicine Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Sanandaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Haghi\u2010Aminjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Khanlarkhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ensieh","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam Shabani","family":"Nashtaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Infertility Department Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Najafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department School of Paramedical Sciences Kermanshah University of Medical Science Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8656-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Sahebkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Science Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center Pharmaceutical Technology Institute Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_1_2_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Impact of scattered radiation on testosterone deficiency and male hypogonadism in rectal cancer treated with external beam pelvic irradiation","volume":"1","author":"Ahmadloo N.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Middle East Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(95)00524-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_4_1","unstructured":"1985 McGraw\u2010Hill New York R. Andres E. L. Bierman W. R. Hazzard Principles of geriatric medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_1_5_1","first-page":"2820","article-title":"Effects of therapeutic radiation on sperm in prostate external radiotherapy","volume":"44","author":"Ataei A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medical Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncx076"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_1_7_1","first-page":"355","article-title":"Dose measurement outside of radiotherapy treatment field (peripheral dose) using thermoluminesent dosimeters. International","volume":"12","author":"Banaee N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Radiation Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-005-1282-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2010.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.10.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02455.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/clon.2001.9234"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980915)83:6<1170::AID-CNCR16>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980915)83:6<1174::AID-CNCR17>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010515)91:10<1889::AID-CNCR1211>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03474-9_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.01.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(03)00120-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2018.08.018"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_1_20_1","first-page":"309","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of various cancers in Iran and compare to other countries: A review article","volume":"47","author":"Farhood B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3747\/co.19.963"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131114026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)45831-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2011.045856"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2004.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13566-012-0007-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2010.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2013.767983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.04.083"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1989.7.6.718"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_1_32_1","first-page":"S339","article-title":"Effects on serum sex hormone levels by the treatments for localized prostate cancer: Three\u2010dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus radical prostatectomy","volume":"84","author":"Kitahara S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nuka-2017-0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2014.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2017.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2010.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8722-4-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2016.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_41_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preserving fertility in young patients with lymphoma: An overview. Blood and lymphatic","volume":"5","author":"Patel B.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood and Lymphatic Cancer: Targets and Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65002-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-003-1108-y"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_6_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuroe.2016.08.007","article-title":"Hormonal changes after localized prostate cancer treatment. Comparison between external beam radiation therapy and radical prostatectomy","volume":"40","author":"Planas J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Actas Urologicas Espanolas"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.04.675"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.5.1007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_47_1","volume-title":"Pathologic basis of disease","author":"Robbins S.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3574084"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_1_49_1","first-page":"481","article-title":"The incidence of prostate cancer in Iran: Results of a population\u2010based cancer registry","volume":"10","author":"Sadjadi A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Iranian Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s000660050018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-911X(199907)33:1<2::AID-MPO2>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)51110-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2018.04.391"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(97)00311-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cellular Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjcp.28283","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcp.28283","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jcp.28283","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcp.28283","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T11:13:03Z","timestamp":1725966783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcp.28283"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,10]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcp.28283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.28283","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9541","1097-4652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9541","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-10-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}