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Although cardiovascular (CV) protection is more pronounced in women than in men due to estrogenic effects, tobacco cigarette smoking exposure seems to alter this protection by modulating estrogen actions via undefined mechanisms. Premenopausal cigarette smoking women are at higher risk of adverse CV effects than non\u2010smokers. In this study, we investigated the impact of cigarette smoking on early CV injury after myocardial infarction (MI) in non\u2010menopausal female mice. Aortic arch calcification, fibrosis, reactive oxygen species, and gene expression of inflammatory and calcification genes were exaggerated in mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). These findings suggest that aortic injury following MI, characterized by vascular smooth muscle cells transdifferentiation, calcification, inflammation, and collagen deposition but not cardiac dysfunction is exacerbated with CS exposure. The novel findings of this study highlight the importance of aortic injury on short and long\u2010term prognosis in CS\u2010exposed MI females. Linking those findings to estrogen alteration is probable and entails investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T05:29:47Z","timestamp":1563254987000},"page":"1568-1575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tobacco cigarette smoking exacerbates aortic calcification in an early stage of myocardial infarction in a female mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"235","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Zalghout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut  Beirut Lebanon"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I Lebanese University  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Heart Repair Division American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emna","family":"Abidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Heart Repair Division American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghewa A.","family":"El\u2010Achkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wared","family":"Nour\u2010Eldine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asmaa A.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut  Beirut Lebanon"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I Lebanese University  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Firas","family":"Kobeissy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Husari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Diseases and Sleep Medicine American University of Beirut Medical Center  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6027-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut  Beirut Lebanon"},{"name":"INSERM\u2010U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Site Xavier Bichat Universit\u00e9 de Paris  France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4451-804X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fouad A.","family":"Zouein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Heart Repair Division American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Hamade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I Lebanese University  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010015\u20100477\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90420-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_5_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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