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This study clarified the mechanisms from the perspective of autophagy. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC\u2010J2) were pretreated with LP\u2010derived postbiotics (the culture supernatant, LPC; or heat\u2010killed bacteria, LPB), and then challenged with\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium (ST). Results showed that LP postbiotics markedly triggered autophagy under ST infection, as indicated by the increased LC3 and Beclin1 and the decreased p62 levels. Meanwhile, LP postbiotics (particularly LPC) exhibited a strong capacity of inhibiting ST adhesion, invasion and replication. Pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3\u2010methyladenine (3\u2010MA) led to a significant decrease of autophagy and the aggravated infection, indicating the importance of autophagy in LP postbiotics\u2010mediated\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    elimination. LP postbiotics (especially LPB) significantly suppressed ST\u2010induced inflammation by modulating inflammatory cytokines (the increased interleukin (IL)\u20104 and IL\u201010, and decreased tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF), IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106 and IL\u201018). Furthermore, LP postbiotics inhibited NOD\u2010like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)\u00a0inflammasome activation, as evidenced by the decreased levels of\n                    <jats:italic>NLRP3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Caspase\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n                    and apoptosis\u2010associated speck\u2010like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (\n                    <jats:italic>ASC<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Deficits in autophagy resulted in an increase of inflammatory response and inflammasome activation. Finally, we found that both LPC and LPB triggered AMP\u2010activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway to induce autophagy, and this was further confirmed by AMPK RNA interference. The intracellular infection and NLRP3 inflammasome were aggravated after AMPK knockdown. In summary, LP postbiotics trigger AMPK\u2010mediated autophagy to suppress\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    intracellular infection and NLRP3 inflammasome in IPEC\u2010J2 cells. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of postbiotics, and provide a new strategy for preventing\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.31016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T05:35:20Z","timestamp":1681364120000},"page":"1336-1353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["<i>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/i>\n                    postbiotics trigger AMPK\u2010dependent autophagy to\n                    <i>s<\/i>\n                    uppress\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    intracellular infection and NLRP3 inflammasome activation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"238","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9003-1577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanping","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green\u2010Eco\u2010Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection &amp; Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China\u2010Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics College of Animal Science and Technology &amp; College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aixin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green\u2010Eco\u2010Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial 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Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green\u2010Eco\u2010Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection &amp; Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China\u2010Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics College of Animal Science and Technology &amp; College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green\u2010Eco\u2010Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection &amp; Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China\u2010Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics College of Animal Science and Technology &amp; College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinglei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green\u2010Eco\u2010Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection &amp; Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China\u2010Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics College of Animal Science and Technology &amp; College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and 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