{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T07:48:38Z","timestamp":1769759318239,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amoxicillin is used to treat various bacterial infections (eg, pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis) in infants. Despite its frequent use, there is a lack of population pharmacokinetic studies in infants, resulting in a substantial variability in dosing regimens used in clinical practice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics of intravenous amoxicillin in infants and suggest an optimal dosage regimen. Blood samples were collected for the determination of amoxicillin concentrations using an opportunistic sampling strategy. The amoxicillin plasma concentrations were determined using high\u2010performance liquid chromatography. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM. A total of 62 pharmacokinetic samples from 47 infants (age range, 0.09 to 2.0 years) were available for analysis. A 2\u2010compartment model with first\u2010order elimination was most suitable to describe the population pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin, and covariate analysis showed that only current body weight was a significant covariate. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated that the currently used dosage regimen (25\u00a0mg\/kg twice daily) resulted in only 22.4% of infants reaching their pharmacodynamic target, using a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) break point of 2\u00a0mg\/L, whereas a dosage regimen (60\u00a0mg\/kg thrice daily), as supported by the <jats:italic>British National Formulary for Children<\/jats:italic>, resulted in 80.9% of infants achieving their pharmacodynamic target. It is recommended to change antibiotics for infections caused by <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (MIC\u00a0= 8.0\u00a0mg\/L) because only 27.9% of infants reached target using 60\u00a0mg\/kg thrice daily.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T05:48:13Z","timestamp":1601444893000},"page":"538-546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Optimization of Amoxicillin in Chinese Infants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Yue\u2010E","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya\u2010Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Care Children's Hospital of Hebei Province affiliated to Hebei Medical University  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo\u2010Hao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Children's Hospital of Hebei Province affiliated to Hebei Medical University  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di\u2010Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Yuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Care Children's Hospital of Hebei Province affiliated to Hebei Medical University  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"van den Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology Children's National Medical Center  Washington District of Columbia USA"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics Pharmacology &amp; Physiology, Genomics &amp; Precision Medicine the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences  Washington District of Columbia USA"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics University Children's Hospital Basel University of Basel  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dian\u2010Ping","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Research Institute Children's Hospital of Hebei Province affiliated to Hebei Medical University  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1830-338X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University  Jinan China"},{"name":"Pediatric Research Institute Children's Hospital of Hebei Province affiliated to Hebei Medical University  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3181d90228"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1973947815Y.0000000064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5817.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ftd.0000249946.20294.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2630-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.2.431"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-2105-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20195-0_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02336-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.64.5.627"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.15.4.628"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ftd.0000198648.39751.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/js970068l"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.23.2.252"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016347709162009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0291-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)36251-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(96)00162-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters.https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/fileadmin\/src\/media\/PDFs\/EUCAST_files\/Breakpoint_tables\/v_10.0_Breakpoint_Tables.pdf. Published2019. Accessed July 1 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Paediatric Formulary Committee.BNF for Children. London: BMJ Group Pharmaceutical Press and RCPCH Publications; 2014\u20102015."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.705"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02309-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1198-743x.2001.00295.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70306-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1203-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e31828e9e78"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","volume-title":"POISINDEX\u2216System","author":"Klasco RK","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcph.1752","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jcph.1752","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcph.1752","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T08:10:11Z","timestamp":1693555811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcph.1752"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcph.1752"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcph.1752","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-2700","1552-4604"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4604","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}