{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:54:32Z","timestamp":1792122872437,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Opioids were the most common drug class resulting in overdose deaths in the United States in 2019. Widespread clinical use of prescription opioids for moderate to severe pain contributed to the ongoing opioid epidemic with the subsequent emergence of fentanyl\u2010laced heroin. More potent analogues of fentanyl and structurally diverse opioid receptor agonists such as AH\u20107921 and MT\u201045 are fueling an increasingly diverse illicit opioid supply. Overdose from synthetic opioids with high binding affinities may not respond to a typical naloxone dose, thereby rendering autoinjectors less effective, requiring higher antagonist doses or resulting in a confusing clinical picture for health care providers. Nonscheduled opioid drugs such as loperamide and dextromethorphan are associated with dependence and risk of overdose as easier access makes them attractive to opioid users. Despite a common opioid\u2010mediated pathway, several opioids present with unique pharmacodynamic properties leading to acute toxicity and dependence development. Pharmacokinetic considerations involve half\u2010life of the parent opioid and its metabolites as well as resulting toxicity, as is established for tramadol, codeine, and oxycodone. Pharmacokinetic considerations, toxicities, and treatment approaches for notable opioids are reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T02:34:25Z","timestamp":1629081265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicity, and Abuse Potential of Opioids"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Vearrier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2302-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Grundmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00459"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5131(02)00600-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2007.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm908"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706435"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.120.119388"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.12.5391"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"America's opioid crisis: the need for an integrated public health approach","volume":"10","author":"Blanco C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transll Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.08.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.1.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00116"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a012070"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0137-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.12809"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Adult use of prescription opioid pain medications \u2013 Utah, 2008","volume":"59","author":"CDC","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4743"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0865"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Quality CfBHSa","author":"SAMHSA","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6802a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.281626"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00308-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"The opioid crisis: need for systems science research","volume":"18","author":"Jalali MS","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Res PolicySyst"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.6147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"The US covid pandemic has a sinister shadow\u2010drug overdoses","author":"Arnold C","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pop.2020.0230"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1990.10472197"},{"issue":"33","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"On the good effect of a combination of ipecacuan and laudanum in dysentery","volume":"9","author":"Playfair G","year":"1813","journal-title":"Edinb Med Surg J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X20946304"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GuptaS NguyenTD FreemanPR SimonKI.Competitive Effects of Federal and State Opioid Restrictions: Evidence from the Controlled Substance Laws. National Bureau of Economic Research;2020;1\u201072.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27520"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7006a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0625-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-01013-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.131714"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-012-0263-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0751-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1204000204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12709"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx151"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6516e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.09.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","first-page":"1263","article-title":"Serotonin and norepinephrine uptake inhibiting activity of centrally acting analgesics: structural determinants and role in antinociception","volume":"274","author":"Codd EE","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15360288.2019.1615027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11593100-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.5b00423"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Misuse of tramadol in the United States: an analysis of the national survey of drug use and health 2002\u20132017","volume":"14","author":"Reines SA","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst Abuse"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8847777"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00222"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000326085"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(92)90047-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.05.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.0c00890"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52964\/AMJA.0807"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6834a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxaa011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6450a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The illicit supply of new psychoactive substances within and from China: a descriptive analysis","author":"Zhao M","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.05.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","first-page":"440","article-title":"Standard binding and functional assays related to medications development division testing for potential cocaine and opiate narcotic treatment medications","volume":"178","author":"Toll L","year":"1998","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108491"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2013.09.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2007.0018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2020.1781150"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000166"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2020.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)13391-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.326"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07115-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60464-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12305"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(83)90616-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2244"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9131-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","first-page":"562","article-title":"Heroin, 6\u2010acetylmorphine and morphine effects on threshold for rewarding and aversive brain stimulation","volume":"260","author":"Hubner CB","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","first-page":"330","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of the cloned kappa\u2010, delta\u2010, and mu\u2010opioid receptors","volume":"45","author":"Raynor K","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","volume-title":"CUT: a guide to adulterants, bulking agents and other contaminants found in illicit drugs","author":"Cole C","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.02.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020177"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12640"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-017-0367-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1303141"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxz208"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-015-0271-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1983.tb10011.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00257a012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-016-0347-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. U\u201047700 Critical Review Report Agenda Item 4.1.https:\/\/www.who.int\/medicines\/access\/controlled-substances\/4.1_U-47700_CritReview.pdf.2016. Accessed May 30 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.983239"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.943908"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.07.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000455"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3801(97)90103-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041888"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199908000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2020.1797250"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Antitussives and substance abuse","volume":"4","author":"Burns JM","year":"2013","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12389"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.12.1217"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.112.049965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.113.055566"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-209705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000201"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2016.03.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2018.1510128"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000440"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2019.1681443"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000472"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105851"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2020.1788914"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15082"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b00360"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003441"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00216-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12639"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107946"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(96)00714-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2020.0594"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000721"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2020.1773586"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.9b00141"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00498254.2018.1552819"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2019.1569236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4813-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2017.1371363"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119862530"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxz221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-01034-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-41199-1_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2018.79.893"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2018.1547826"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000287675.15225.0b"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199705000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-9-12"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_155_1","first-page":"611","article-title":"Use of naloxone in hydromorphone\u2010induced anaphylactoid reaction","volume":"100","author":"Mushlin N","year":"2007","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/61.3.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120026516"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_160_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmia secondary to loperamide abuse and toxicity","volume":"12","author":"Ali M","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-011-1080-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12465"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1997.sp004021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181850df6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.9308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.23677"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234683"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_171_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predictors of receiving an emergency department naloxone prescription following an opioid overdose","author":"Lebin JA","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2098"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6831e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.118.085977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732320938689"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2010.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-014-0244-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_182_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Metabolism and disposition of prescription opioids: a review","volume":"27","author":"DePriest AZ","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2014.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199910001-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24040740"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90685-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2822"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_189_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"Structure activity studies of two classes of beta\u2010amino\u2010amides: the search for kappa\u2010selective opioids","volume":"90","author":"Loew G","year":"1988","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_190_1","unstructured":"JanowskyA. U\u201047700: trans\u20103 4\u2010dichloro\u2010N\u2010[2\u2010(dimethylamino) cyclohexyl]\u2010N\u2010methyl\u2010benzamide: Binding and functional activity at delta kappa and mu opioid receptors (trans: Research Service (R&D\u201022)). vol DEA\u2010VA interagency agreement title: \u201cIn Vitro Receptor and Transporter Assays for Abuse Liability Testing for the DEA by the VA\u201d; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Portland OR.2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0285.2008.00637.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_194_1","first-page":"2421","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine in man","volume":"9","author":"Trakulsrichai S","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcph.1923","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jcph.1923","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcph.1923","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T01:11:11Z","timestamp":1693271471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcph.1923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":193,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcph.1923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcph.1923","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-2700","1552-4604"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4604","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-02-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}