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This study examined a subtherapeutic dose of quinine as a potential adherence tracer. Primary aims included examination of the plasma and urinary pharmacokinetic profile of once\u2010daily quinine; secondary aims assessed pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic interactions with oxycodone (a CYP3A and CYP2D substrate). Healthy, nondependent opioid users (n\u2009=\u20099) were enrolled in this within\u2010subject, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled inpatient study. Participants received the following oral doses: day 1, oxycodone (30\u2009mg); days 2\u20134, quinine (80\u2009mg); day 5, quinine and oxycodone (2 hours postquinine). Blood and 24\u2010hour urine samples were collected throughout the study, and pharmacodynamic outcomes were assessed during experimental sessions (days 1, 4, 5). Quinine displayed a plasma T<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\u223c2 hours and t<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>\u223c10 hours. Oxycodone and noroxycodone parameters (T<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, t<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>) were similar with or without quinine present, although drug exposure (AUC) was slightly greater when combined with quinine. No pharmacodynamic interactions were detected, and doses were safely tolerated. During washout, quinine urinary concentrations steadily declined (elimination t<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>\u223c16 hours), with a 94% decrease observed 72 hours postdose. Overall, low\u2010dose quinine appears to be a good candidate for a medication additive to monitor adherence for detection of missed medication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T10:07:23Z","timestamp":1433153243000},"page":"1332-1343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Quinine as a potential tracer for medication adherence: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment of quinine alone and in combination with oxycodone in humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Shanna","family":"Babalonis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky College of Medicine Department of Behavioral Science Lexington KY USA"},{"name":"University of Kentucky Center on Drug and Alcohol Research Lexington KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aidan J.","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse Division of Pharmacotherapies and Medical Consequences Rockville MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Lofwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky College of Medicine Department of Behavioral Science Lexington KY USA"},{"name":"University of Kentucky Center on Drug and Alcohol Research Lexington KY USA"},{"name":"University of Kentucky College of Medicine Department of Psychiatry Lexington KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Nuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Center on Drug and Alcohol Research Lexington KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky College of Medicine Department of Behavioral Science Lexington KY USA"},{"name":"University of Kentucky Center on Drug and Alcohol Research Lexington KY USA"},{"name":"University of Kentucky College of Medicine Department of Psychiatry Lexington KY USA"},{"name":"University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Lexington KY USA"},{"name":"University of Kentucky College of Medicine Department of Pharmacology Lexington KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(01)80109-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2014.10.001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011711-113247"},{"unstructured":"IMS Health. 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