{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:57:12Z","timestamp":1777111032820,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess a possible correlation between zolpidem use and acute pyelonephritis (APN) in women in Taiwan. Therefore, we performed a case\u2010control study involving the Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database between 2000 and 2011. This study included 3151 female participants aged 20 to 84 years who experienced the first bout of APN (case group) and 6015 randomly selected female participants without APN (control group). Zolpidem use was defined as \u201ccurrent,\u201d \u201cearly,\u201d or \u201clate,\u201d if the last remaining 1 tablet for zolpidem was detected within 7 days, between 8 and 14 days, or \u226515 days before the date of APN diagnosis, respectively. The multivariable unconditional logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the correlation between zolpidem use and APN. After adjusting for confounders, the multivariable analysis yielded an adjusted APN OR of 2.2 for participants with current zolpidem use (95%CI 1.7\u20102.8) compared with participants who never used zolpidem. The adjusted ORs gradually decreased to 1.4 for participants with early zolpidem use (95%CI 0.8\u20102.5) and 1.1 for participants with late zolpidem use (95%CI 0.9\u20101.2), but without statistical\u00a0significance. Only patients with current zolpidem use had a significantly increased relative risk of APN. Additional large confirmatory studies are needed to illustrate a causal relationship. Meanwhile, physicians and pharmacists should be more cautious about the risk of APN when prescribing and dispensing zolpidem in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,19]],"date-time":"2016-08-19T09:16:55Z","timestamp":1471598215000},"page":"376-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Use of Zolpidem and Risk of Acute Pyelonephritis in Women: A Population\u2010Based Case\u2010Control Study in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Fan\u2010Gen","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2010Jyh","family":"Sheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng\u2010Li","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Management Office for Health Data China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yow\u2010Wen","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih\u2010Wei","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26929"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00158.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200519010-00008"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"471","article-title":"Effects of alprazolam, zolpidem and zopiclone, and of chronic inflammation on peripheral experimental algesia in Wistar rats","volume":"52","author":"Zdrinca M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rom J Morphol Embryol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119901300109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3833-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001302"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.03.017"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27552","article-title":"Meta\u2010analyses of hypnotics and infections: eszopiclone, ramelteon, zaleplon, and zolpidem","volume":"5","author":"Joya FL","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00760-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2008.00685.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh308"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.27.5.51.s54"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200523110-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"eHealthMe.Study from FDA and social media reports review: could zolpidem cause pyelonephritis acute?http:\/\/www.ehealthme.com\/ds\/zolpidem\/pyelonephritis+acute. 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