{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T22:51:53Z","timestamp":1783551113201,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]],"date-time":"2015-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council"},{"name":"AstraZeneca"},{"name":"NIHR Respiratory Disease Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London"},{"name":"AZ"},{"name":"MRC","award":["G1001362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G1001362"]}]},{"name":"MRC Clinical Research Fellowship","award":["G0901955\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0901955\/1"]}]},{"name":"COPDMAP"},{"name":"NIHR Respiratory Disease Biomedical Research Unit"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Loss of muscle mass is a co\u2010morbidity common to a range of chronic diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Several systemic features of COPD including increased inflammatory signalling, oxidative stress, and hypoxia are known to increase the expression of growth differentiation factor\u201015 (GDF\u201015), a protein associated with muscle wasting in other diseases. We therefore hypothesized that GDF\u201015 may contribute to muscle wasting in COPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We determined the expression of GDF\u201015 in the serum and muscle of patients with COPD and analysed the association of GDF\u201015 expression with muscle mass and exercise performance. To determine whether GDF\u201015 had a direct effect on muscle, we also determined the effect of increased GDF\u201015 expression on the <jats:italic>tibialis anterior<\/jats:italic> of mice by electroporation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Growth differentiation factor\u201015 was increased in the circulation and muscle of COPD patients compared with controls. Circulating GDF\u201015 was inversely correlated with <jats:italic>rectus femoris<\/jats:italic> cross\u2010sectional area (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and exercise capacity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in two separate cohorts of patients but was not associated with body mass index. GDF\u201015 levels were associated with 8\u2010oxo\u2010dG in the circulation of patients consistent with a role for oxidative stress in the production of this protein. Local over\u2010expression of GDF\u201015 in mice caused wasting of the <jats:italic>tibialis anterior<\/jats:italic> muscle that expressed it but not in the contralateral muscle suggesting a direct effect of GDF\u201015 on muscle mass (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Together, the data suggest that GDF\u201015 contributes to the loss of muscle mass in COPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]],"date-time":"2015-12-29T06:14:51Z","timestamp":1451369691000},"page":"436-448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Growth differentiation factor\u201015 is associated with muscle mass in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and promotes muscle wasting <i>in vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mehul 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