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Although the cancer\u2010cachexia state primarily affects skeletal muscle, possible damage in the cardiac muscle remains to be better characterized and elucidated. Leucine, which is a branched chain amino acid, is very useful for preserving lean body mass. Thus, this amino acid has been studied as a coadjuvant therapy in cachectic cancer patients, but whether this treatment attenuates the effects of cachexia and improves cardiac function remains poorly understood. Therefore, using an experimental cancer\u2010cachexia model, we evaluated whether leucine supplementation ameliorates cachexia in the heart.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male Wistar rats were fed either a leucine\u2010rich or a normoprotein diet and implanted or not with subcutaneous Walker\u2010256 carcinoma. During the cachectic stage (approximately 21\u2009days after tumour implantation), when the tumour mass was greater than 10% of body weight, the rats were subjected to an electrocardiogram analysis to evaluate the heart rate, QT\u2010c, and T wave amplitude. The myocardial tissues were assayed for proteolytic enzymes (chymotrypsin, alkaline phosphatase, cathepsin, and calpain), cardiomyopathy biomarkers (myeloperoxidase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, and total plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), and caspase\u20108, \u20109, \u20103, and \u20107 activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both groups of tumour\u2010bearing rats, especially the untreated group, had electrocardiography alterations that were suggestive of ischemia, dilated cardiomyopathy, and sudden death risk. Additionally, the rats in the untreated tumour\u2010bearing group but not their leucine\u2010supplemented littermates exhibited remarkable increases in chymotrypsin activity and all three heart failure biomarkers analysed, including an increase in caspase\u20103 and \u20107 activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data suggest that a leucine\u2010rich diet could modulate heart damage, cardiomyocyte proteolysis, and apoptosis driven by cancer\u2010cachexia. Further studies must be conducted to elucidate leucine's mechanisms of action, which potentially includes the modulation of the heart's inflammatory process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T03:32:37Z","timestamp":1456457557000},"page":"577-586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Nutritional leucine supplementation attenuates cardiac failure in tumour\u2010bearing cachectic animals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Aline Tatiane","family":"Toneto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology State University of Campinas, Campinas  13083\u2010970 S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Metrocamp College\u2010IBMEC Group  13035\u2010270 Campinas SP 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S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel Arcanjo","family":"Aereas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electrocardiography and Hemodynamic, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology State University of Campinas  Campinas 13083\u2010970 S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina Cintra","family":"Gomes\u2010Marcondes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology State University of Campinas, Campinas  13083\u2010970 S\u00e3o Paulo 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