{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T06:25:12Z","timestamp":1792823112032,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,16]],"date-time":"2018-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002745","name":"Bayerische Forschungsstiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1044\u201012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1044\u201012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002745","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Changes in muscle fat composition as for example observed in sarcopenia or muscular dystrophy affect physical performance and muscular function, like strength and power. The purpose of the present study is to measure the repeatability of Dixon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessing muscle volume and fat in the thigh. Furthermore, repeatability of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for assessing muscle fat is determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prototype 6\u2010point Dixon MRI method was used to measure muscle volume and muscle proton density fat fraction (PDFF) in the left thigh. PDFF was measured in musculus semitendinosus of the left thigh with a T2\u2010corrected multi\u2010echo MRS method. For the determination of short\u2010term repeatability (consecutive examinations), the root mean square coefficients of variation of Dixon MRI and MRS data of 23 young and healthy (29\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05\u00a0years) and 24 elderly men with sarcopenia (78\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05\u00a0years) were calculated. For the estimation of the long\u2010term repeatability (13\u00a0weeks between examinations), the root mean square coefficients of variation of MRI data of seven young and healthy (31\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07\u00a0years) and 23 elderly sarcopenic men (76\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05\u00a0years) were calculated. Long\u2010term repeatability of MRS was not determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Short\u2010term errors of Dixon MRI volume measurement were between 1.2% and 1.5%, between 2.1% and 1.6% for Dixon MRI PDFF measurement, and between 9.0% and 15.3% for MRS. Because of the high short\u2010term repeatability errors of MRS, long\u2010term errors were not determined. Long\u2010term errors of MRI volume measurement were between 1.9% and 4.0% and of Dixon MRI PDFF measurement between 2.1% and 4.2%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high degree of repeatability of volume and PDFF Dixon MRI supports its use to predict future mobility impairment and measures the success of therapeutic interventions, for example, in sarcopenia in aging populations and muscular dystrophy. Because of possible inhomogeneity of fat infiltration in muscle tissue, the application of MRS for PDFF measurements in muscle is more problematic because this may result in high repeatability errors. In addition, the tissue composition within the MRS voxel may not be representative for the whole muscle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T03:40:12Z","timestamp":1537155612000},"page":"1093-1100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Repeatability of Dixon magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy for quantitative muscle fat assessments in the thigh"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Grimm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Physics Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)  Henkestr. 91 Erlangen 91052 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiko","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging, Magnetic Resonance, Product Definition and Innovation Siemens Healthcare GmbH  Allee am Roethelheimpark 2 Erlangen 91052 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel D.","family":"Nickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging, Magnetic Resonance, Product Definition and Innovation Siemens Healthcare GmbH  Allee am Roethelheimpark 2 Erlangen 91052 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Nittka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging, Magnetic Resonance, Product Definition and Innovation Siemens Healthcare GmbH  Allee am Roethelheimpark 2 Erlangen 91052 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Raithel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging, Magnetic Resonance, Product Definition and Innovation Siemens Healthcare GmbH  Allee am Roethelheimpark 2 Erlangen 91052 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Chaudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Physics Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)  Henkestr. 91 Erlangen 91052 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Friedberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Physics Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)  Henkestr. 91 Erlangen 91052 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Uder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiology University Hospital Erlangen  Ulmenweg 18 Erlangen 91052 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Kemmler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Physics Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)  Henkestr. 91 Erlangen 91052 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Engelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Physics Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)  Henkestr. 91 Erlangen 91052 Germany"},{"name":"Bioclinica Inc.  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