{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T02:48:32Z","timestamp":1785466112680,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BioMed Proofreading\u00ae LLC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cachexia is a complex metabolic process that is associated with several end\u2010stage organ diseases. It is known to be also associated with advanced dementia, although the pathophysiologic mechanisms are still largely unknown. The present narrative review is aimed at presenting recent insights concerning the pathophysiology of weight loss and wasting syndrome in dementia, the putative mechanisms involved in the dysregulation of energy balance, and the interplay among the chronic clinical conditions of sarcopenia, malnutrition, and frailty in the elderly. We discuss the clinical implications of these new insights, with particular attention to the challenging question of nutritional needs in advanced dementia and the utility of tube feeding in order to optimize the management of end\u2010stage dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T14:44:19Z","timestamp":1550846659000},"page":"263-277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Cachexia and advanced dementia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Minaglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Section of Geriatrics University of Genoa  Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Giannotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Section of Geriatrics University of Genoa  Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Boccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics University of Perugia  Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Mecocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics University of Perugia  Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Serafini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa  Genoa Italy"},{"name":"Section of Psychiatry I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale Policlinico San Martino  Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizio","family":"Odetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Section of Geriatrics University of Genoa  Genoa Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino  Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiammetta","family":"Monacelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Section of Geriatrics University of Genoa  Genoa Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino  Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000356760"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157340109787314776"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12192"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328359efd7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2009.12.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2012.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Nutritional assessment of the geriatric patient: a comprehensive approach toward evaluating and managing nutrition","volume":"20","author":"Loreck E","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Ger"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2008.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.3.M255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2009.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.7.738"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828726f5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500040001001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"631","article-title":"Cognitive impairment of Alzheimer disease","volume":"5","author":"Folstein MF","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.4.760"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.9.1312"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141086"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610292000930"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.122.3.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.122.3.730"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01375.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/22.2.132"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830150083012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530280051022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.10.1266"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.12.1755"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb02953.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.10.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000071476"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-013-0181-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2006.11.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075713"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0872-14.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0866"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080764"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113694"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150292"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000178032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2007.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(01)00455-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.5.508"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.02.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170522"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2236-04.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0230450100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-1022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2063179"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","article-title":"Circulating mitochondrial DNA at the crossroads of mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation during aging and muscle wasting disorders","volume":"2","author":"Picca A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3283319399"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VolkertD ChourdakisM Faxen\u2010IrvingG Fr\u00fchwaldT LandiF SuominenMH et al.ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in dementia. Clin Nutr.2015Dec;34:1052\u20131073.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.Dementia: support people with dementia and their carers in health and social care.2006. Available online:http:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg42\/resources\/guidance\u2010dementia\u2010pdf(accessed on 1 July 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042456"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2012.02378.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr556"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41110-016-0025-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-10-98"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","volume-title":"End\u2010of\u2010life Issues in Advanced Dementia. Part 2: Management of Poor Nutritional Intake, Dehydration, and Pneumonia","author":"Arcand Marcel","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216315606010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/082585979401000207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3527838"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2017.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of dyspnea, pain, and agitation among people dying with late stage dementia compared with people dying with advanced cancer: a single\u2010center preliminary study in Brazil","volume":"05","author":"Soares LGL","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160790"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.14.1380"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02598270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001203420312"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1992.10718232"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1988.00380020173022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02087416"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1990.tb01498.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1995.tb05822.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.14.1365"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.1200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Aspiration associated with long\u2010term gastric versus jejunal feeding: a critical analysis of the literature","volume":"71","author":"Lazarus BA","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04779.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04148.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.4.594"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.12.M735"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0662-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12274"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/ijpn.2009.15.8.43799"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1299"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-014-0487-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440240091014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2008.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01673.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.11.1351"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2008.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","first-page":"870","article-title":"Tube feeding in the demented elderly with severe disabilities","volume":"8","author":"Jaul E","year":"2006","journal-title":"Israel Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014860710002400297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902234"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-200607000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.3918"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-016-0162-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03185.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2008.0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-1-201201030-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1572"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.22.2734"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520160047041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.02740.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010416"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2017.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12261"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjcsm.12380","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcsm.12380","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jcsm.12380","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcsm.12380","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T10:51:05Z","timestamp":1694343065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcsm.12380"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcsm.12380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12380","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-5991","2190-6009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-5991","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-6009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-08-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}