{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:59:15Z","timestamp":1792094355179,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title><jats:p>This initiative is focused on building a global consensus around core diagnostic criteria for malnutrition in adults in clinical settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In January 2016, the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) was convened by several of the major global clinical nutrition societies. GLIM appointed a core leadership committee and a supporting working group with representatives bringing additional global diversity and expertise. Empirical consensus was reached through a series of face\u2010to\u2010face meetings, telephone conferences, and e\u2010mail communications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A two\u2010step approach for the malnutrition diagnosis was selected, i.e., first screening to identify \u201cat risk\u201d status by the use of any validated screening tool, and second, assessment for diagnosis and grading the severity of malnutrition. The malnutrition criteria for consideration were retrieved from existing approaches for screening and assessment. Potential criteria were subjected to a ballot among the GLIM core and supporting working group members. The top five ranked criteria included three phenotypic criteria (weight loss, low body mass index, and reduced muscle mass) and two etiologic criteria (reduced food intake or assimilation, and inflammation or disease burden). To diagnose malnutrition at least one phenotypic criterion and one etiologic criterion should be present. Phenotypic metrics for grading severity as Stage 1 (moderate) and Stage 2 (severe) malnutrition are proposed. It is recommended that the etiologic criteria be used to guide intervention and anticipated outcomes. The recommended approach supports classification of malnutrition into four etiology\u2010related diagnosis categories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A consensus scheme for diagnosing malnutrition in adults in clinical settings on a global scale is proposed. Next steps are to secure further collaboration and endorsements from leading nutrition professional societies, to identify overlaps with syndromes like cachexia and sarcopenia, and to promote dissemination, validation studies, and feedback. The diagnostic construct should be re\u2010considered every 3\u20135 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T15:30:26Z","timestamp":1553787026000},"page":"207-217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":968,"title":["GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition \u2013 A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Cederholm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Theme Aging Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.L.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dean's Office and Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont  Burlington VT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.I.T.D.","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais  Belo Horizante Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.C.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post\u2010graduate Program in Health and Behavior Catholic University of Pelotas  RS Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery Tokyo University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Higashiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Palliative Medicine Fujita Health University School of Medicine  Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake Toyoake\u2010City Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Faculty Central University of Venezuela Universitary Hospital of Caracas, Chief Nutritional Support Unit Hospital Universitary\/Academic of Caracas, University Central of Venezuela  Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Barazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Technological and Translational Sciences University of Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara  Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Blaauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.J.S.","family":"Coats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University  Australia"},{"name":"University of Warwick  Warwick UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.N.","family":"Crivelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nutrition Support and Malabsorptive Diseases Hospital HIGA San Mart\u00edn  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.C.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Gramlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Fuchs\u2010Tarlovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Department Hospital General de M\u00e9xico  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schlegel\u2010UW Research Institute for Aging and Department of Kinesiology University of Waterloo  Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Llido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Service St. Luke's Medical Center\u2010Quezon City  Metro\u2010Manila, Quezon City Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition  Silver Spring MD USA"},{"name":"Mt. 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