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In Germany alone, ~1.8 million patients suffer from these diseases annually, and medical expenses have been reported to reach 34.2bn Euros. Although musculoskeletal disorders are seldom fatal, they compromise quality of life and diminish functional capacity. For example, musculoskeletal disorders incur an annual loss of over 0.8 million workforce years to the German economy. Among these diseases, traumatic skeletal muscle injuries are especially problematic because they can occur owing to a variety of causes and are very challenging to treat. In contrast to chronic muscle diseases such as dystrophy, sarcopenia, or cachexia, traumatic muscle injuries inflict damage to localized muscle groups. Although minor muscle trauma heals without severe consequences, no reliable clinical strategy exists to prevent excessive fibrosis or fatty degeneration, both of which occur after severe traumatic injury and contribute to muscle degeneration and dysfunction. Of the many proposed strategies, cell\u2010based approaches have shown the most promising results in numerous pre\u2010clinical studies and have demonstrated success in the handful of clinical trials performed so far. A number of myogenic and non\u2010myogenic cell types benefit muscle healing, either by directly participating in new tissue formation or by stimulating the endogenous processes of muscle repair. These cell types operate via distinct modes of action, and they demonstrate varying levels of feasibility for muscle regeneration depending, to an extent, on the muscle injury model used. While in some models the injury naturally resolves over time, other models have been developed to recapitulate the peculiarities of real\u2010life injuries and therefore mimic the structural and functional impairment observed in humans. Existing limitations of cell therapy approaches include issues related to autologous harvesting, expansion and sorting protocols, optimal dosage, and viability after transplantation. Several clinical trials have been performed to treat skeletal muscle injuries using myogenic progenitor cells or multipotent stromal cells, with promising outcomes. Recent improvements in our understanding of cell behaviour and the mechanistic basis for their modes of action have led to a new paradigm in cell therapies where physical, chemical, and signalling cues presented through biomaterials can instruct cells and enhance their regenerative capacity. Altogether, these studies and experiences provide a positive outlook on future opportunities towards innovative cell\u2010based solutions for treating traumatic muscle injuries\u2014a so far unmet clinical need.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T01:48:58Z","timestamp":1551923338000},"page":"501-516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Cell therapy to improve regeneration of skeletal muscle injuries"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Taimoor H.","family":"Qazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Wolff Institute Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Berlin\u2010Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies 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