{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T12:00:40Z","timestamp":1782993640320,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Slow gait speed is a powerful predictor of disability in activities of daily living and mortality. Muscle strength and body composition change over time, but their changes differ by sex. How these parameters jointly affect gait speed decline is unknown. Understanding this association could help develop and evaluate the sex\u2010specific effects of lifestyle interventions to delay gait speed decline in older adults. We assessed whether changes in strength (\u0394strength), appendicular lean mass (\u0394ALM), and fat mass (\u0394fat) jointly relate to change in gait speed and whether the association differs by sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The analytic sample comprised 575 women and 539 men aged 22\u201395\u00a0years enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Mean follow\u2010up was 4.0\u00a0years. Measures included isometric knee extension strength, dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry\u2010assessed ALM and fat mass, and gait speed from the 400\u00a0m fast pace walk. Sex\u2010specific linear mixed models were adjusted for follow\u2010up time and baseline age, race, height, ALM, fat mass, peak torque, and gait speed. We also included second\u2010order interaction terms of the key predictive variables (e.g. \u0394strength \u00d7 \u0394ALM). To interpret the interactions, we estimated average gait declines using the 25th or 75th percentile of the two significant predictive variables and then assessed which condition relates to larger decline in gait speed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In both sexes, independent of \u0394ALM and \u0394fat, larger decline in strength significantly related to larger decline in gait speed (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01 for both sexes). In men, interactions between \u0394strength \u00d7 \u0394ALM and \u0394fat by \u0394ALM were associated with change in gait speed; men with greater declines in both muscle strength and ALM or greater declines in both ALM and fat have steeper gait speed decline. In contrast, in women, the interaction between \u0394fat and \u0394ALM was associated with change in gait speed; women with an increase in fat mass combined with less decline in ALM have steeper gait speed decline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>While change in strength affects change in gait speed in both sexes, the effects of body composition change differ by sex. Dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry\u2010based estimates of lean mass may be confounded by intramuscular fat. Future studies should examine sex\u2010specific combined effects of change in strength and body composition on mobility using multiple techniques to measure body composition. Intervention studies should consider testing sex\u2010specific interventions on body composition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T06:42:05Z","timestamp":1562308925000},"page":"1000-1008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Changes in knee extension peak torque and body composition and their relationship with change in gait speed"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7706-5166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Osawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health  Baltimore USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Chiles Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health  Baltimore USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle D.","family":"Shardell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health  Baltimore USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Studenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health  Baltimore USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Ferrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health  Baltimore USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503023320902"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.2.387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.17.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1923"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06500.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/53A.3.M214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/52A.5.B267"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.10.1059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118338032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00627.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.12.1416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.1.188"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.5.1581"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.10.M644"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12638"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gln024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-14-85"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.07.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9713-2_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9517-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.3.584"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318213fefb"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.5.B209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12261"}],"container-title":["Journal 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