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Muscles have been assessed for morphological, cellular, and biochemical features. The aim of this study was to conduct a state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010science review of this literature and, secondly, to evaluate clinical and biological variation in biopsies of <jats:italic>rectus abdominis<\/jats:italic> (RA) muscle from a cohort of patients with malignancies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Literature was searched for reports on muscle biopsies from patients with a cancer diagnosis. Quality of reports and risk of bias were assessed. Data abstracted included patient characteristics and diagnoses, sample size, tissue collection and biobanking procedures, and results. A cohort of cancer patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 190, 88% gastrointestinal malignancies), who underwent open abdominal surgery as part of their clinical care, consented to RA biopsy from the site of incision. Computed tomography (CT) scans were used to quantify total abdominal muscle and RA cross\u2010sectional areas and radiodensity. Biopsies were assessed for muscle fibre area (\u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), fibre types, myosin heavy chain isoforms, and expression of genes selected for their involvement in catabolic pathways of muscle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Muscle biopsy occurred in 59 studies (total <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1585 participants). RA was biopsied intraoperatively in 40 studies (67%), followed by quadriceps (26%; percutaneous biopsy) and other muscles (7%). Cancer site and stage, % of male participants, and age were highly variable between studies. Details regarding patient medical history and biopsy procedures were frequently absent. Lack of description of the population(s) sampled and low sample size contributed to low quality and risk of bias. Weight\u2010losing cases were compared with weight stable cancer or healthy controls without considering a measure of muscle mass in 21 out of 44 studies. In the cohort of patients providing biopsy for this study, 78% of patients had preoperative CT scans and a high proportion (64%) met published criteria for sarcopenia. Fibre type distribution in RA was type I (46% \u00b1 13), hybrid type I\/IIA (1% \u00b1 1), type IIA (36% \u00b1 10), hybrid type IIA\/D (15% \u00b1 14), and type IID (2% \u00b1 5). Sexual dimorphism was prominent in RA CT cross\u2010sectional area, mean fibre cross\u2010sectional area, and in expression of genes associated with muscle growth, apoptosis, and inflammation (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Medical history revealed multiple co\u2010morbid conditions and medications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Continued collaboration between researchers and cancer surgeons enables a more complete understanding of mechanisms of cancer\u2010associated muscle atrophy. Standardization of biobanking practices, tissue manipulation, patient characterization, and classification will enhance the consistency, reliability, and comparability of future studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T23:08:08Z","timestamp":1563232088000},"page":"1356-1377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Clinical and biological characterization of skeletal muscle tissue biopsies of surgical cancer patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Anoveros\u2010Barrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amritpal 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Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver F.","family":"Bathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology University of Calgary  Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Calgary  Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sambasivarao","family":"Damaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta  Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Skipworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Surgery University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles 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