{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:02:13Z","timestamp":1790668933927,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004330","name":"GlaxoSmithKline","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AR065268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR065268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Muscle mass declines with age. However, common assessments used to quantify muscle mass are indirect. The D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010creatine (D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>Cr) dilution method is a direct assessment of muscle mass; however, longitudinal changes have not been examined in relation to changes in other measures of muscle mass, strength, and performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A convenience sample of 40 men from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (mean age = 83.3 years, standard deviation = 3.9) underwent repeat assessment of D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>Cr muscle mass, dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry (DXA) lean mass, grip strength, and walking speed at two time points approximately 1.6 years apart (2014\u20132016). One\u2010sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests and Pearson correlations were used to examine changes in DXA total body lean mass, DXA appendicular lean mass\/height<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, DXA appendicular lean mass\/weight, D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>Cr muscle mass, D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>Cr muscle mass\/weight, grip strength, walking speed, and weight.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010creatine muscle mass, D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>Cr muscle mass\/weight, grip strength, and walking speed all significantly declined (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). The change in DXA measures of lean mass was moderately correlated with changes in D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>Cr muscle mass. There was no significant correlation between the change in DXA measures of lean mass and change in walking speed (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). The change in D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>Cr muscle mass\/weight was moderately correlated with change in walking speed (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.33, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). The change in grip strength was weakly correlated with the change in DXA measures of lean mass and D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>Cr muscle mass (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.19\u20130.32).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of our study provide new insights regarding the decline in muscle strength and D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>Cr muscle mass. The D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>Cr method may be a feasible tool to measure declines in muscle mass over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T08:40:58Z","timestamp":1571301658000},"page":"55-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Association of change in muscle mass assessed by D<sub>3<\/sub>\u2010creatine dilution with changes in grip strength and walking speed"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9771-8454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate A.","family":"Duchowny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco Coordinating Center San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco Coordinating Center San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Orwoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University  Portland OR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine E.","family":"Ensrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research Minneapolis VA Health Care System  Minneapolis MN USA"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health University of Minnesota  Minneapolis MN USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Minnesota  Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane A.","family":"Cauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley CA USA"},{"name":"Division of Geriatrics Duke University Medical Center  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4938-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peggy M.","family":"Cawthon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco Coordinating Center San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0201-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169548"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02366.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13788"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxs006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"Shankaran M. 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