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This study aimed to determine the potential bidirectionality of the relationship between accelerometer\u2010assessed MVPA, SB, and frailty over time in older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were from the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging. We analysed 186 older people aged 67 to 90 (76.7 \u00b1 3.9; 52.7% female participants) over a 4\u2010year period. Time spent in SB and MVPA was assessed by accelerometry. Frailty Trait Scale was used to determine frailty levels. A cross\u2010lagged panel model design was used to test the reciprocal relationships between MVPA\/SB and frailty.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Frailty Trait Scale score changed from 35.4 to 43.8 points between the two times (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). We also found a reduction of 7 min\/day in the time spent on MVPA (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), and participants tended to spend more time on SB (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.076). Our analyses revealed that lower levels of initial MVPA predicted higher levels of later frailty [std. <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.126; confidence interval (CI) = \u22120.231, \u22120.021; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05], whereas initial spent time on SB did not predict later frailty (std. <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.049; CI = \u22120.185, 0.087; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.48). Conversely, an initial increased frailty status predicted higher levels of later SB (std. <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.167; CI = 0.026, 0.307; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) but not those of MVPA (std. <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.071; CI = \u22120.033, 0.175; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.18).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our observations suggest that the relationship between MVPA\/SB and frailty is unidirectional: individuals who spent less time on MVPA at baseline are more likely to increase their frailty score, and individuals who are more frail are more likely to spent more time on SB at follow\u2010up. Interventions and policies should aim to increase MVPA levels from earlier stages to promote successful aging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T10:09:42Z","timestamp":1578478182000},"page":"415-423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Which one came first: movement behavior or frailty? A cross\u2010lagged panel model in the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1683-1365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asier","family":"Ma\u00f1as","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group University of Castilla\u2010La Mancha  Toledo Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borja","family":"del Pozo\u2010Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motivation and Behaviour Research Program, Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Faculty of Health Sciences Australian Catholic University  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group University of Castilla\u2010La Mancha  Toledo Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Losa\u2010Reyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group University of Castilla\u2010La Mancha  Toledo Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Geriatric Department Hospital Virgen del Valle  Toledo Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leocadio","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Ma\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Geriatric Department Hospital Universitario de Getafe  Getafe Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Geriatric Department Hospital Virgen del Valle  Toledo Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2854-6684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Ara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD Toledo Research Group University of Castilla\u2010La Mancha  Toledo Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32381-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.990S"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503023320902"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12139"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025916"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183911"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-206406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170878"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0511-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302540"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Autoregressive and cross\u2010lagged panel analysis for longitudinal data. 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