{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T15:12:25Z","timestamp":1790953945939,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) School of Primary Care Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Loss of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) increases the risk of frailty and, together with excess fat mass (FM), is a risk factor for cardio\u2010metabolic disease. However, use of body composition measurements in nutritional surveillance and routine clinical practice is limited by the lack of reference data. Our aim was to produce age\u2010specific and sex\u2010specific reference values for SMM and FM in the White ethnic adult population in the UK. Secondary objectives were to examine the tracking over time using a subsample of the population with repeated measures of body composition and to assess the validity of these reference values in different ethnic subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used data from segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in 390\u00a0565 participants, aged 40\u201369\u00a0years, in the UK Biobank, and data from dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry from\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0905 participants to validate the BIA measurements. SMM was calculated as the sum of the predicted muscle mass from the limbs. The LMS method was used to produce percentile curves for the SMM index (SMMI\u00a0=\u00a0SMM\/height\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and the FM index (FMI\u00a0=\u00a0FM\/height\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). We investigated the validity of the White ethnic reference values by plotting\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010scores (99.7% confidence interval) from Black and Asian groups to check if their confidence interval included zero. Longitudinal trajectories were predicted based on the baseline\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010scores and the correlation between repeated measurements at follow\u2010up.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The percentile curves show that SMMI declines in men from the age of 40, whereas in women, SMMI is more stable and decreases only slightly among women in the higher percentiles. FMI increases with age in both men and women. Women have higher FMI and lower SMMI than men in all age groups. The validity of the White\u2010based reference values for non\u2010White ethnic groups is poor. Longitudinal trajectories in body composition in the subsample of participants with a follow\u2010up assessment show regression towards the mean in both men and women, with some evidence of declining SMMI only among men. The predicted 90% limits for the expected 5\u00a0year trajectories of SMMI and FMI can be used to identify people with unusual trajectories and in clinical practice to identify and track individuals at risk of excessive loss of SMM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These body composition reference values developed from BIA in a middle\/older\u2010aged healthy White ethnic population in the UK could be used as a simple assessment tool for nutritional surveillance and to identify individuals with low SMMI or high FMI who may be at increased risk of disease and\/or frailty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T22:15:36Z","timestamp":1578953736000},"page":"487-496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Reference values for skeletal muscle mass and fat mass measured by bioelectrical impedance in 390\u00a0565 UK adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mei\u2010Man","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan A.","family":"Jebb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Oke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7536-922X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Piernas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SyddallH RobertsHC EvandrouM CooperC BergmanH SayerAA.Prevalence and correlates of frailty among community\u2010dwelling older men and women: findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. 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