{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:26:27Z","timestamp":1781875587960,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105\u2010P01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105\u2010P01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104\u2010P09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104\u2010P09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 104\u20102320\u2010B\u2010002\u2010045\u2010MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104\u20102320\u2010B\u2010002\u2010045\u2010MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108\u20102314\u2010B\u2010002\u2010219\u2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108\u20102314\u2010B\u2010002\u2010219\u2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 105\u20102314\u2010B\u2010002\u2010114\u2010MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 105\u20102314\u2010B\u2010002\u2010114\u2010MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pancreatic cancer\u2010associated diabetes mellitus (PCDM) is a paraneoplastic phenomenon characterized by worsening hyperglycaemia and weight loss. Galectin\u20103 and S100A9, mediators of PCDM, have pro\u2010inflammatory functions and might thereby induce systemic inflammation and cachexia. We aimed to examine whether PCDM directly mediates cachexia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consecutive pancreatic cancer (PC) patients with and without PCDM (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a088 each) with complete information were included. Cachexia was defined as weight loss &gt;5% within 6\u00a0months or weight loss &gt;2% and body mass index &lt;20\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> or sarcopenia. Skeletal muscle mass was measured with lumbar skeletal muscle index (SMI) using computed tomography images. Cachexia\u2010related parameters (prevalence of cachexia, weight loss, and SMI) were compared between patients with and without PCDM. Relations between cachexia\u2010related parameters and fasting blood glucose or serum levels of galectin\u20103 and S100A9 were analysed by Spearman correlation and logistic regression analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred two (58.0%) patients had cachexia at diagnosis. No significant differences existed between patients with and without PCDM in prevalence of cachexia (64.8% vs. 51.1%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.093), percentage of weight loss (median 6.8 vs. 4.0, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.085), and SMI (median 45.8 vs. 45.3\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in men, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.119; 34.9 vs. 36.3\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in women, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.418). In patients with cachexia, the percentage of weight loss and SMI were also similar between patients with and without PCDM. In patients with PCDM, fasting blood glucose was comparable between patients with and without cachexia (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.458) and did not correlate with the percentage of weight loss (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.085) or SMI (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.797 in men and 0.679 in women). Serum S100A9 level correlated with fasting blood glucose (correlation coefficient 0.213, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.047) but not with the percentage of weight loss (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.977) or SMI (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.247 in men and 0.458 in women). Serum galectin\u20103 level also did not correlate with the percentage of weight loss (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.226) and SMI (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.201 in men and 0.826 in women). Primary tumour size was associated with cachexia (adjusted odds ratio per 1\u00a0cm increase 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.02\u20131.60, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.034), whereas PCDM, fasting blood glucose, and levels of galectin\u20103 and S100A9 were not predictors of cachexia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neither fasting blood glucose nor levels of galectin\u20103 and S100A9 were associated with cachexia\u2010related parameters. Mediators of PCDM and hyperglycaemia do not directly mediate PC\u2010induced cachexia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T07:27:14Z","timestamp":1582702034000},"page":"899-908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Relationship between pancreatic cancer\u2010associated diabetes and cachexia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5362-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei\u2010Chih","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Internal Medicine, College of Medicine National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng\u2010Ruei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng\u2010Chieh","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen\u2010Tzu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo\u2010Shih","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin\u2010Chen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine National Taiwan University College of Medicine  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2010Shiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Internal Medicine, College of Medicine National Taiwan University  Taipei 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