{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:09:18Z","timestamp":1792782558361,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]],"date-time":"2020-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government Education Investment Fund Super Science Funds","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0314h5y94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Bond University Collaborative Research Network for Advancing Exercise & Sports Science","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006jxzx88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of Education and Training, Australia","award":["201202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201202"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sx0vk32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Career Development Fellowship","award":["APP1140644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1140644"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02xjhr934","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Research Fellowship","award":["APP11577321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP11577321"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ageing is associated with DNA methylation changes in all human tissues, and epigenetic markers can estimate chronological age based on DNA methylation patterns across tissues. However, the construction of the original pan\u2010tissue epigenetic clock did not include skeletal muscle samples and hence exhibited a strong deviation between DNA methylation and chronological age in this tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To address this, we developed a more accurate, muscle\u2010specific epigenetic clock based on the genome\u2010wide DNA methylation data of 682 skeletal muscle samples from 12 independent datasets (18\u201389 years old, 22% women, 99% Caucasian), all generated with Illumina HumanMethylation (HM) arrays (HM27, HM450, or HMEPIC). We also took advantage of the large number of samples to conduct an epigenome\u2010wide association study of age\u2010associated DNA methylation patterns in skeletal muscle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The newly developed clock uses 200 cytosine\u2010phosphate\u2013guanine dinucleotides to estimate chronological age in skeletal muscle, 16 of which are in common with the 353 cytosine\u2010phosphate\u2013guanine dinucleotides of the pan\u2010tissue clock. The muscle clock outperformed the pan\u2010tissue clock, with a median error of only 4.6 years across datasets (vs. 13.1 years for the pan\u2010tissue clock,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001) and an average correlation of\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.62 between actual and predicted age across datasets (vs.\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.51 for the pan\u2010tissue clock). Lastly, we identified 180 differentially methylated regions with age in skeletal muscle at a false discovery rate &lt; 0.005. However, gene set enrichment analysis did not reveal any enrichment for gene ontologies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We have developed a muscle\u2010specific epigenetic clock that predicts age with better accuracy than the pan\u2010tissue clock. We implemented the muscle clock in an\n                      <jats:sc>r<\/jats:sc>\n                      package called\n                      <jats:italic>Muscle Epigenetic Age Test<\/jats:italic>\n                      available on\n                      <jats:sc>Bioconductor<\/jats:sc>\n                      to estimate epigenetic age in skeletal muscle samples. This clock may prove valuable in assessing the impact of environmental factors, such as exercise and diet, on muscle\u2010specific biological ageing processes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T02:06:10Z","timestamp":1581991570000},"page":"887-898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["An epigenetic clock for human skeletal muscle"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4074-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Voisin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Sport Victoria University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences &amp; Medicine Bond University  Gold Coast Australia"},{"name":"Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa M.","family":"Haupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyn R.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences &amp; Medicine Bond University  Gold Coast Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vernon G.","family":"Coffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences &amp; Medicine Bond University  Gold Coast Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Doering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences &amp; Medicine Bond University  Gold Coast Australia"},{"name":"School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University  Rockhampton Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie\u2010Lee M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences &amp; Medicine Bond University  Gold Coast Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Benedict","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cedernaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malene E.","family":"Lindholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine Stanford University  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular and Medical Research Deakin University  Geelong Australia"},{"name":"Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Rowlands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, 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