{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:16:12Z","timestamp":1793085372736,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,22]],"date-time":"2020-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Osteosarcopenia, the presence of osteopenia\/osteoporosis and sarcopenia, is an emerging geriatric giant, which poses a serious global health burden.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n \n The prevalence of osteosarcopenia ranges in community\u2010dwelling older adults [5\n \u2013<\/jats:bold>\n 37% (\u226565\u00a0years)] with the highest rates observed in those with fractures (low\u2010trauma fracture: ~46%; hip fracture: 17.1\n \u2013<\/jats:bold>\n 96.3%). Among 2353 community\u2010dwelling adults, risk factors associated with osteosarcopenia include older age [men: 14.3% (60\n \u2013<\/jats:bold>\n 64\u00a0years) to 59.4% (\u226575\u00a0years); women: 20.3% (60\n \u2013<\/jats:bold>\n 64\u00a0years) to 48.3% (\u226575\u00a0years),\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05], physical inactivity [inverse relationship: 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46\u20130.88 (sexes combined)], low body mass index (inverse relationship: men: 0.84, 95% CI 0.81\u20130.88; women: 0.77, 95% CI 0.74\u20130.80), and higher fat mass (men: 1.46, 95% CI 1.11\u20131.92; women: 2.25, 95% CI 1.71\u20132.95). Among 148 geriatric inpatients, osteosarcopenic individuals demonstrate poorer nutritional status (mini\u2010nutritional assessment scores: 8.50\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.52 points,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.001) vs. osteoporosis or sarcopenia alone, while among 253 older Australians, osteosarcopenia is associated with impaired balance and functional capacity [odds ratios (ORs): 2.56\n \u2013<\/jats:bold>\n 7.19;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05] vs. non\u2010osteosarcopenia. Osteosarcopenia also associates with falls (ORs: 2.83\n \u2013<\/jats:bold>\n 3.63;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05), fractures (ORs: 3.86\n \u2013<\/jats:bold>\n 4.38;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05), and earlier death [hazard ratio (1\u2010year follow\u2010up): 1.84, 95% CI; 0.69\n \u2013<\/jats:bold>\n 4.92,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.023] vs. non\u2010osteosarcopenia.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n This syndrome is expected to grow in age\u2010related and disease\u2010related states, a likely consequence of immunosenescence coinciding with increased sedentarism, obesity, and fat infiltration of muscle and bone. Evidence suggests the pathophysiology of osteosarcopenia includes genetic polymorphisms, reduced mechanical loading, and impaired endocrine functioning, as well as altered crosstalk between muscle, bone, and fat cells. Clinicians should screen for osteosarcopenia via imaging methods (i.e. dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry) to quantify muscle and bone mass, in addition to assessing muscle strength (i.e. grip strength) and functional capacity (i.e. gait speed). A comprehensive geriatric assessment, including medical history and risk factors, must also be undertaken. Treatment of this syndrome should include osteoporotic drugs [bone anabolics\/antiresorptives (i.e. teriparatide, denosumab, bisphosphates)] where indicated, and progressive resistance and balance exercises (at least 2\u20103 times\/week). To maximize musculoskeletal health, nutritional recommendations [protein (1.2\n \u2013<\/jats:bold>\n 1.5\u00a0g\/kg\/day), vitamin D (800\u20131000 IU\/day), calcium (1300\u00a0mg\/day), and creatine (3\n \u2013<\/jats:bold>\n 5\u00a0g\/day)] must also be met. It is anticipated that diagnosis and treatment for osteosarcopenia will become part of routine healthcare in the future. However, further work is required to identify biomarkers, which, in turn, may increase diagnosis, risk stratification, and targeted treatments to improve health outcomes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,22]],"date-time":"2020-03-22T21:35:31Z","timestamp":1584912931000},"page":"609-618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":471,"title":["Osteosarcopenia: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment\u2014facts and numbers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0176-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Kirk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne Medical School University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS) University of Melbourne and Western Health Melbourne 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