{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:01:06Z","timestamp":1789642866973,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Executive Yuan of Taiwan","award":["MOST 107-2634-F-010-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2634-F-010-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Components of physical frailty cluster into subtypes, but it remains unknown how these might be associated with age\u2010related functional declines and multimorbidities. This study aims to investigated associations of physical frailty subtypes with functional declines and multimorbidity in a 10\u00a0year longitudinal cohort survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Complementary longitudinal cohort study used group\u2010based multitrajectory modelling to verify whether frailty subtypes discovered in Taiwan are presented in another aging cohort, then investigated associations of these subtypes with cognitive decline and multimorbidity. Participants aged \u226550\u00a0years were recruited from the third to sixth waves (May 2002 to July 2010) of the National Institute for Longevity Sciences\u2010Longitudinal Study of Aging, in Japan. People with incomplete data, pre\u2010frail\/frail status before their index wave, and those with incomplete data or who died during follow\u2010up, were excluded. Group\u2010based trajectory analysis denoted five established physical frailty criteria as time\u2010varying binary variables in each wave during follow\u2010up. Incident frailty was classified as mobility subtype (weakness\/slowness), non\u2010mobility subtype (weight loss\/exhaustion), or low physical activity subtype. General linear modelling investigated associations of these frailty subtypes with activities of daily living, digit symbol substitution test (DSST) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) at 2\u00a0year follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified four longitudinal trajectories of physical frailty, which corroborated the distinct subtypes we discovered previously. Among 940 eligible participants, 38.0% were robust, 18.4% had mobility subtype frailty, 20.7% non\u2010mobility subtype, and 20.1% low physical activity subtype. People with mobility subtype frailty were older than those with other frailty subtypes or robust status and had higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and heart failure. In the multivariable\u2010adjusted general linear models, mobility\u2010subtype frailty was associated with a significantly lower DSST score (point estimate \u22122.28, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.03) and higher CCI (point estimate 0.82, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) than the other groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mobility\u2010subtype frailty was associated with functional declines and progression of multimorbidity; the long\u2010term effects of physical frailty subtypes deserve further investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T04:16:08Z","timestamp":1592540168000},"page":"1223-1231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Subtypes of physical frailty and their long\u2010term outcomes: a longitudinal cohort 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