{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:00:53Z","timestamp":1787731253657,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010NR012459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010NR012459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010AG028050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010AG028050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01\u2010AG\u20106\u20102106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01\u2010AG\u20106\u20102106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01\u2010AG\u20106\u20102103,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01\u2010AG\u20106\u20102103,"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01\u2010AG\u20106\u20102101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01\u2010AG\u20106\u20102101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to assess the construct validity of a body composition\u2010defined definition of sarcopenic obesity based on low appendicular lean mass relative to fat mass (ALMI<jats:sub>FMI<\/jats:sub>) and high fat mass index (FMI) and to compare with an alternative definition using appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) and percent body fat (%BF).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a secondary analysis of two cohort studies: the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study (Health ABC). Sarcopenic obesity was defined as low ALMI<jats:sub>FMI<\/jats:sub> combined with high FMI and was compared with a widely used definition based on ALMI and %BF cut\u2010points. Body composition <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010scores, self\u2010reported disability, physical functioning, and incident disability were compared across body composition categories using linear and logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 14,\u00a0850 participants from NHANES, patients with sarcopenic obesity defined by low ALMI<jats:sub>FMI<\/jats:sub> and high FMI (ALMI<jats:sub>FMI<\/jats:sub>\u2010FMI) had above\u2010average FMI <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010scores [mean (standard deviation): 1.00 (0.72)]. In contrast, those with sarcopenic obesity based on low ALMI and high %BF (ALMI\u2010%BF) had below\u2010average FMI <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010scores. A similar pattern was observed for 2846 participants from Health ABC. Participants with sarcopenic obesity based on ALMI<jats:sub>FMI<\/jats:sub>\u2010FMI had a greater number of disabilities, worse physical function, and a greater risk of incident disability compared with those defined based on ALMI\u2010%BF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Body composition\u2010defined measures of sarcopenic obesity defined as excess adiposity and lower\u2010than\u2010expected ALMI relative to FMI are associated with functional deficits and incident disability and overcome the limitations of using %BF in estimating obesity in this context.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T07:15:19Z","timestamp":1600413319000},"page":"1580-1589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Validation of a description of sarcopenic obesity defined as excess adiposity and low lean mass relative to adiposity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0799-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua F.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology Philadelphia Veterans' Affairs Medical Center  Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  8 Penn Tower Building, Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program NIA, NIH  Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allegra","family":"Rapoport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John's Hopkins School of Public Health  Baltimore MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Ziolkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Pediatrics Stanford University  Palo Alto CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary B.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Pediatrics Stanford University  Palo Alto CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Pediatrics Stanford University  Palo Alto CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babette","family":"Zemel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester  Rochester NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00237-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12260"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.159871"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0062-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7307618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01435-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164385"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","article-title":"Estimation of skeletal muscle mass relative to adiposity improves prediction of physical performance and incident disability","author":"Baker JF","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51534.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4080"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Influence of hormone replacement therapy on disease progression and bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"D'Elia HF","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.5.1018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Construction of LMS parameters for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts","author":"Flegal KM","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"The LMS method for constructing normalized growth standards","volume":"44","author":"Cole TJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02140214"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.250"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2012.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52154.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.10.M644"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0104-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics.National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Analytic and reporting guidelines.2006. Internet:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/nhanes2003-2004\/analytical_guidelines.htm(accessed 1 July 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"ACE health coach manual American council on exercise","author":"Bryant C","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ame Council on Exe"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-015-0523-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.02126.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12501"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjcsm.12613","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcsm.12613","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jcsm.12613","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcsm.12613","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T18:00:43Z","timestamp":1693764043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcsm.12613"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcsm.12613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12613","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-5991","2190-6009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-5991","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-6009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-03-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}