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The outcomes of the metabolic and behavioural adaptations during starvation are highly efficient macronutrient allocation, minimization of energy expenditure, and maximized odds of finding food. However, in different contexts, caloric deprivation is met with vastly different physiologic and behavioural responses, which challenge the primacy of energy homeostasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a literature review of scientific studies in humans, laboratory animals, and non\u2010laboratory animals that evaluated the physiologic, metabolic, and behavioural responses to fasting, starvation, protein\u2010deficient or essential amino acid\u2010deficient diets, and cachexia. Studies that investigated the changes in ingestive behaviour, locomotor activity, resting metabolic rate, and tissue catabolism were selected as the focus of discussion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whereas starvation responses prioritize energy balance, both protein malnutrition and cachexia present existential threats that induce unique adaptive programmes, which can exacerbate the caloric insufficiency of undernutrition. We compare and contrast the behavioural and metabolic responses and elucidate the mechanistic pathways that drive state\u2010dependent alterations in energy seeking and partitioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evolution of energetically inefficient metabolic and behavioural responses to protein malnutrition and cachexia reveal a hierarchy of metabolic priorities governed by discrete regulatory networks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T10:52:59Z","timestamp":1601290379000},"page":"1429-1446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Diverging metabolic programmes and behaviours during states of starvation, protein malnutrition, and cachexia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-5363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brennan","family":"Olson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland OR USA"},{"name":"Pap\u00e9 Family Pediatric Research Institute Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland OR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2675-7047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pap\u00e9 Family Pediatric Research Institute Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland OR USA"},{"name":"Brenden\u2010Colson Center for Pancreatic Care Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland OR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4690-4948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Grossberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brenden\u2010Colson Center for Pancreatic Care Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland OR USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Medicine Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland OR USA"},{"name":"Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center Oregon Health &amp; 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