{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:17:31Z","timestamp":1790518651971,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer's Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALZS\u2010294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALZS\u2010294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G06010220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G06010220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poor performance in the 5\u2010chair stand test (5\u2010CST) indicates reduced lower limb muscle strength. The 5\u2010CST has been recommended for use in the initial assessment of sarcopenia, the accelerated loss of muscle strength and mass. In order to facilitate the use of the 5\u2010CST in sarcopenia assessment, our aims were to (i) describe the prevalence and factors associated with poor performance in the 5\u2010CST, (ii) examine the relationship between the 5\u2010CST and gait speed, and (iii) propose a protocol for using the 5\u2010CST.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The population\u2010based study Cognitive Function and Ageing Study II recruited people aged 65\u00a0years and over from defined geographical localities in Cambridgeshire, Newcastle, and Nottingham. The study collected data for assessment of functional ability during home visits, including the 5\u2010CST and gait speed. We used multinomial logistic regression to assess the associations between factors including the SARC\u2010F questionnaire and the category of 5\u2010CST performance: fast (&lt;12\u00a0s), intermediate (12\u201315\u00a0s), slow (&gt;15\u00a0s), or unable, with slow\/unable classed as poor performance. We reviewed previous studies on the protocol used to carry out the 5\u2010CST.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 7190 participants aged 65+ from the three diverse localities of Cognitive Function and Ageing Study II were included (54.1% female). The proportion of those with poor performance in the 5\u2010CST increased with age, from 34.3% at age 65\u201369 to 89.7% at age 90+. Factors independently associated with poor performance included positive responses to the SARC\u2010F questionnaire, physical inactivity, depression, impaired cognition, and multimorbidity (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.005). Most people with poor performance also had slow gait speed (57.8%) or were unable to complete the gait speed test (18.4%). We found variation in the 5\u2010CST protocol used, for example, timing until a participant stood up for the fifth time or until they sat down afterwards.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poor performance in the 5\u2010CST is increasingly common with age and is associated with a cluster of other factors that characterize risk for poor ageing such as physical inactivity, impaired cognition, and multimorbidity. We recommend a low threshold for performing the 5\u2010CST in clinical settings and provide a protocol for its use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T01:44:37Z","timestamp":1611020677000},"page":"308-318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Prevalence and factors associated with poor performance in the 5\u2010chair stand test: findings from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study II and proposed Newcastle protocol for use in the assessment of sarcopenia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Richard Matthew","family":"Dodds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle UK"},{"name":"NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust  Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle UK"},{"name":"NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust  Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoneta","family":"Granic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle UK"},{"name":"NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust  Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle UK"},{"name":"NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust  Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germaine","family":"Uwimpuhwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Durham University  Durham UK"},{"name":"Durham Research Methods Centre Durham University  Durham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle UK"},{"name":"NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust  Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Brayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Public Health, School of Clinical Medicine University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona E.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avan A.","family":"Sayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle UK"},{"name":"NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust  Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"MRC CFAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1995.80.1.163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.02126.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afn100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4467"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2018.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S94377"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzx063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"The five times sit\u2010to\u2010stand test: safety and reliability with older intensive care unit patients at discharge","volume":"31","author":"De Melo TA","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61570-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700057779"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"OldfieldZ RogersN PhelpsA BlakeM SteptoeA OskalaA et al.English Longitudinal Study of Ageing: waves 0\u20139 1998\u20132019[data collection]. 33rd edition. UK Data Service. SN 5050.;2020. Available at:http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA-SN-5050-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys168"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"StataCorp.Stata statistical software: release 14.2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90465-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1999.10608028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552012005000155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.M85"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TGR.0b013e31823415fa"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610211000639"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0000000000000102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2001.110505.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.2.SPINE171416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1993.tb05939.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215511427323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/026921598673062266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.103.1.215-222"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14290"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-020-00310-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1036-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0768-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.8.M539"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","unstructured":"British Geriatrics Society.Fit for frailty. 2017. Available at:https:\/\/www.bgs.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/content\/resources\/files\/2018-05-23\/fff_full.pdf. Accessed May 3 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-1463-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12501"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcsm.12660","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jcsm.12660","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcsm.12660","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T17:11:05Z","timestamp":1692465065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcsm.12660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcsm.12660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12660","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-5991","2190-6009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-5991","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-6009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}