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Walking is a very common ADL, important for main determinants of quality of life in older age, and it requires the integration of many physiological systems. Gait speed has been described as the \u2018sixth vital sign\u2019 because it is a core indicator of health and function in aging and disease. We reviewed original studies up to June 2020 that assessed frailty in both longitudinal and cross\u2010sectional observational studies, paying particular attention to how gait is measured in older population and how the gait parameter adopted may influence the estimated frailty models and the health\u2010related outcomes of the various studies (i.e. clinical, cognitive, physical, and nutritional outcomes). Eighty\u2010five studies met the search strategy and were included in the present systematic review. According to the frailty tools, more than 60% of the studies used the physical phenotype model proposed by Fried and colleagues, while one\u2010third referred to multi\u2010domain indexes or models and only 5% referred to other single\u2010domain frailty models (social or cognitive). The great heterogeneity observed in gait measurements and protocols limited the possibility to directly compare the results of the studies and it could represent an important issue causing variability in the different outcome measures in both clinical\u2010and population\u2010based settings. Gait appeared to be an indicator of health and function also in frail older adults, and different gait parameters appeared to predict adverse health\u2010related outcomes in clinical, cognitive, and physical domains and, to a lesser extent, in nutritional domain. Gait has the potential to elucidate the common basic mechanisms of cognitive and motor decline. Advances in technology may extend the validity of gait in different clinical settings also in frail older adults, and technology\u2010based assessment should be encouraged. Combining various gait parameters may enhance frailty prediction and classification of different frailty phenotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T05:32:12Z","timestamp":1613712732000},"page":"274-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["How gait influences frailty models and health\u2010related outcomes in clinical\u2010based and population\u2010based studies: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4767-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Bortone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Unit \u2013 \u201cSalus In Apulia Study\u201d National Institute of Gastroenterology \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Research Hospital  Castellana Grotte, Bari 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