{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:47:42Z","timestamp":1790092062024,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cachexia, characterized by loss of muscle with or without loss of fat mass, is a poor prognostic factor in patients with heart failure (HF). However, there is limited investigation on the prognostic impact of muscle and fat mass separately in HF. We hypothesized that muscle and fat mass have different effects on the prognosis of HF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was an observational cohort study of 418 patients (59% were men) admitted with a diagnosis of HF (71\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013\u00a0years [mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0standard deviation]), with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 39\u00a0\u00b1\u00a016%, including 31.3%, 14.8%, and 53.8% of patients with preserved LVEF (LVEF\u00a0\u2265\u00a050%), mid\u2010range LVEF (40\u201350%), and reduced (&lt;40%) LVEF, respectively. Dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry was performed with the patients in the stable state after decongestion therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean body mass index of patients was 22.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.6\u00a0kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and the mean appendicular skeletal mass (ASM) index was 6.88\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.23\u00a0kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      in men and 5.59\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.92 in women; 54.1% of the patients showed reduced muscle mass defined by the international cut\u2010off value (7.0\u00a0kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      for men and 5.4 for women). The mean fat mass was 20.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.2% in men and 27.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.6% in women. During a median follow\u2010up of 37\u00a0months, 92 (22.0%) of 418 patients with HF died (1 and 3\u00a0year mortality: 8.4% and 17.3%, respectively). Lower values of both skeletal muscle and fat mass were independently associated with increased risk of mortality adjusted for age, sex, haemoglobin, New York Heart Association functional class, and height squared (hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval of 0.825 [0.747\u20130.908] per 1\u00a0kg increase of ASM,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001, and 0.954 [0.916\u20130.993] per 1\u00a0kg increase of fat mass,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.018, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than half of the patients with HF showed reduced muscle mass. Lower values of both muscle and fat mass were associated with higher mortality in HF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T10:56:08Z","timestamp":1620039368000},"page":"568-576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Prognostic impact of muscle and fat mass in patients with heart failure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3020-7526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaaki","family":"Konishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Yokohama City University Medical Center  Yokohama Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiichi","family":"Akiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Yokohama City University Medical Center  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Matsuzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Yokohama City University Medical Center  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Yokohama City University Medical Center  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinnosuke","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Yokohama City University Medical Center  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidefumi","family":"Nakahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Yokohama City University Medical Center  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiko","family":"Maejima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Yokohama City University Medical Center  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Iwahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Yokohama City University Medical Center  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masami","family":"Kosuge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Yokohama City University Medical Center  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Ebina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Yokohama City University Medical Center  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Hibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Yokohama City University Medical Center  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Misumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Yokohama City University School of Medicine  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"von Haehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site G\u00f6ttingen University of G\u00f6ttingen Medical Center  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan D.","family":"Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology (CVK); and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kouichi","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Yokohama City University Medical Center  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2013.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.09.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12892-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12308"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12177"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2013.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313777"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.5.1550"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1999.277.6.E971"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.10.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197112232852601"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.31.1101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"CONUT: a tool for controlling nutritional status. 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