{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:40:50Z","timestamp":1791927650665,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cancer\u2010associated weight loss (WL) associates with increased mortality. International consensus suggests that WL is driven by a variable combination of reduced food intake and\/or altered metabolism, the latter often represented by the inflammatory biomarker C\u2010reactive protein (CRP). We aggregated data from Canadian and European research studies to evaluate the associations of reduced food intake and CRP with cancer\u2010associated WL (primary endpoint) and overall survival (OS, secondary endpoint).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The data set included a total of 12,253 patients at risk for cancer\u2010associated WL. Patient\u2010reported WL history (% in 6\u00a0months) and food intake (normal, moderately, or severely reduced) were measured in all patients; CRP (mg\/L) and OS were measured in\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a04960 and\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a09952 patients, respectively. All measures were from a baseline assessment. Clinical variables potentially associated with WL and overall survival (OS) including age, sex, cancer diagnosis, disease stage, and performance status were evaluated using multinomial logistic regression MLR and Cox proportional hazards models, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients had a mean weight change of \u22127.3% (\u00b17.1), which was categorized as: \u00b12.4% (stable weight; 30.4%), 2.5\u20135.9% (19.7%), 6.0\u201310.0% (23.2%), 11.0\u201314.9% (12.0%), \u226515.0% (14.6%). Normal food intake, moderately, and severely reduced food intake occurred in 37.9%, 42.8%, and 19.4%, respectively. In MLR, severe WL (\u226515%) (vs. stable weight) was more likely (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) if food intake was moderately [OR 6.28, 95% confidence interval (CI 5.28\u20137.47)] or severely reduced [OR 18.98 (95% CI 15.30\u201323.56)]. In subset analysis, adjusted for food intake, CRP was independently associated (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) with \u226515% WL [CRP 10\u2013100\u00a0mg\/L: OR 2.00, (95% CI 1.58\u20132.53)] and [CRP\u00a0&gt;\u00a0100\u00a0mg\/L: OR 2.30 (95% CI 1.62\u20133.26)]. Diagnosis, stage, and performance status, but not age or sex, were significantly associated with WL. Median OS was 9.9\u00a0months (95% CI 9.5\u201310.3), with median follow\u2010up of 39.7\u00a0months (95% CI 38.8\u201340.6). Moderately and severely reduced food intake and CRP independently predicted OS (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Modelling WL as the dependent variable is an approach that can help to identify clinical features and biomarkers associated with WL. Here, we identify criterion values for food intake impairment and CRP that may improve the diagnosis and classification of cancer\u2010associated cachexia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T07:40:29Z","timestamp":1630050029000},"page":"1189-1202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Diagnostic criteria for cancer cachexia: reduced food intake and inflammation predict weight loss and survival in an international, multi\u2010cohort analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4518-7246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Muscaritoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational and Precision Medicine Sapienza University  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Bourdel\u2010Marchasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Kubrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Laird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, European Palliative Care Research Center  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine Universit\u00e9 Laval  Laval Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Chasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Gioulbasanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology \u0391nimus\u2010\u039ayanous Stavros General Clinic \u2010 Larissa  Thessaly Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Wallengren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Unit Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne C.","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Research and Development (retired), Abbott Nutrition  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Goldwasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, APHP 5 University of Paris  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Thomas","family":"Jagoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill Cancer Nutrition Rehabilitation Clinic Jewish General Hospital  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Deans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Surgical Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences and Community Health University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Bozzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Milan  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Strasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncological Palliative Medicine, Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Palliative Care Center Cantonal Hospital  St. Gallen 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