{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T02:33:27Z","timestamp":1791772407337,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015766","name":"Danone Nutricia Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015766","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cancer cachexia is characterized by a negative energy balance, muscle and adipose tissue wasting, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation. Because of its strong negative impact on prognosis and its multifactorial nature that is still not fully understood, cachexia remains an important challenge in the field of cancer treatment. Recent animal studies indicate that the gut microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis and manifestation of cancer cachexia, but human data are lacking. The present study investigates gut microbiota composition, short\u2010chain fatty acids (SCFA), and inflammatory parameters in human cancer cachexia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Faecal samples were prospectively collected in patients (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0107) with pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, or ovarian cancer. Household partners (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a076) of the patients were included as healthy controls with similar diet and environmental conditions. Patients were classified as cachectic if they lost &gt;5% body weight in the last 6\u00a0months. Gut microbiota composition was analysed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 gene region. Faecal SCFA levels were quantified by gas chromatography. Faecal calprotectin was assessed with enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. Serum C\u2010reactive protein and leucocyte counts were retrieved from medical records.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cachexia prevalence was highest in pancreatic cancer (66.7%), followed by ovarian cancer (25%), lung cancer (20.8%), and breast cancer (17.3%). Microbial \u03b1\u2010diversity was not significantly different between cachectic cancer patients (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a033), non\u2010cachectic cancer patients (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a074), or healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a076) (species richness\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.31; Shannon effective index\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.46). Community structure (\u03b2\u2010diversity) tended to differ between these groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.053), although overall differences were subtle and no clear clustering of samples was observed. Proteobacteria (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), an unknown genus from the Enterobacteriaceae family (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), and\n                      <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) were more abundant among cachectic cancer patients.\n                      <jats:italic>Megamonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) and\n                      <jats:italic>Peptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) also showed differential abundance. Faecal levels of all SCFA tended to be lower in cachectic cancer patients, but only acetate concentrations were significantly reduced (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Faecal calprotectin levels were positively correlated with the abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Peptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>unknown Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      . We also identified several correlations and interactions between clinical and microbial parameters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This clinical study provided the first insights into the alterations of gut microbiota composition and SCFA levels that occur in cachectic cancer patients and how they are related to inflammatory parameters. These results pave the way for further research examining the role of the gut microbiota in cancer cachexia and its potential use as therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T10:57:21Z","timestamp":1633604241000},"page":"2007-2021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Gut microbiota and short\u2010chain fatty acid alterations in cachectic cancer patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9498-6162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorne","family":"Ubachs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW\u2014School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"NUTRIM\u2014School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Ziemons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW\u2014School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zita","family":"Soons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"NUTRIM\u2014School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Joint Institute of Systems Medicine Uniklinik RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romy","family":"Aarnoutse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW\u2014School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.J.","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"NUTRIM\u2014School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Penders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUTRIM\u2014School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ardy","family":"van Helvoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUTRIM\u2014School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Danone Nutricia Research  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjolein L.","family":"Smidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW\u2014School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy F.P.M.","family":"Kruitwagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW\u2014School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieke","family":"Baade\u2010Corpelijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven W.M.","family":"Olde Damink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"NUTRIM\u2014School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sander S.","family":"Rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Maastricht University Medical Centre  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"NUTRIM\u2014School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3829"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0164-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2012.209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11552"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24804"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yclnex.2015.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101508"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037971"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7730"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604785"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0704-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1134082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.56.1894"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3960"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051451"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2004.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"292","article-title":"Time\u2010resolved fluorimetric immunoassay of calprotectin: technical and clinical aspects in diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"44","author":"Sluijs Veer G","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33721"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"RC Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62918-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2836"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"PetersonBG CarlP.PerformanceAnalytics: econometric tools for performance and risk analysis. R package version 2.0.4.2020. Available from:https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=PerformanceAnalytics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"OgleDH WheelerP DinnoA.FSA: fisheries stock analysis. R package version 0.8.32.2021. Available from:https:\/\/github.com\/droglenc\/FSA"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12684"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11550"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30569-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-9-r79"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1765946"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179739"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081943"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2014.869476"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12360"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecc.12695"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcsm.12804","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jcsm.12804","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcsm.12804","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T00:59:24Z","timestamp":1693184364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcsm.12804"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcsm.12804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12804","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-5991","2190-6009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-5991","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-6009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}