{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:03:49Z","timestamp":1792116229845,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increasing protein intake (above the Recommended Dietary Amount) alone or with resistance\u2010based exercise is suggested to improve cardiometabolic health; however, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to confirm this.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Liverpool Hope University\u2010Sarcopenia Aging Trial (LHU\u2010SAT) was a 16\u00a0week RCT (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> Identifier: NCT02912130) of 100 community\u2010dwelling older adults [mean age: 68.73\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.80\u00a0years, body mass index: 27.06\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.18\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (52% women)] who were randomized to four independent groups [Control (C), Exercise (E), Exercise\u00a0+\u00a0Protein (EP), Protein (P)]. E and EP completed supervised and progressive resistance\u2010based exercise (resistance exercise: two times per week, functional circuit exercise: once per week), while EP and P were supplemented with a leucine\u2010enriched whey protein drink (three times per day) based on individual body weight (0.50\u00a0g\/kg\/meal, 1.50\u00a0g\/kg\/day). Outcome measures including arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity), fasting plasma\/serum biomarkers [glucose\/glycated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, low\u2010density lipoprotein (LDL), high\u2010density lipoprotein, insulin, resistin, leptin, adiponectin, C\u2010reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor\u2010alpha, interleukin\u20106, cystatin\u2010C, &amp; ferritin], insulin resistance (HOMA\u2010IR), and kidney function (eGFR) were measured before and after intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Total protein intake (habitual diet plus supplementation) increased to 1.55\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.69\u00a0g\/kg\/day in EP and to 1.93\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.72\u00a0g\/kg\/day in P, and remained significantly lower (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) in unsupplemented groups (E: 1.08\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.33\u00a0g\/kg\/day, C: 1.00\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.26\u00a0g\/kg\/day). At 16\u00a0weeks, there was a group\u2010by\u2010time interaction whereby absolute changes in LDL\u2010cholesterol were lower in EP [mean difference: \u22120.79\u00a0mmol\/L, 95% confidence interval (CI): \u22121.29, \u22120.28, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002] and P (mean difference: \u22120.76\u00a0mmol\/L, 95% CI: \u22121.26, \u22120.26, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003) vs. C. Serum insulin also showed group\u2010by\u2010time interactions at 16\u00a0weeks whereby fold changes were lower in EP (mean difference: \u22120.40, 95% CI: \u22120.65, \u22120.16, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001) and P (mean difference: \u22120.32, 95% CI: \u22120.56, \u22120.08, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.009) vs. C, and fold changes in HOMA\u2010IR improved in EP (mean difference: \u22120.37, 95% CI: \u22120.64, \u22120.10, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.007) and P (mean difference: \u22120.27, 95% CI: \u22120.53, \u22120.00, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.048) vs. C. Serum resistin declined in P only (group\u2010by\u2010time interaction at 16\u00a0weeks: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.009). No other interactions were observed in outcome measures (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05), and kidney function (eGFR) remained unaltered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixteen weeks of leucine\u2010enriched whey protein supplementation alone and combined with resistance\u2010based exercise improved cardiometabolic health markers in older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T14:12:11Z","timestamp":1631628731000},"page":"2022-2033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Leucine\u2010enriched whey protein supplementation, resistance\u2010based exercise, and cardiometabolic health in older adults: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0176-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Kirk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine\u2010Western Health, Melbourne Medical School The University of Melbourne  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Geroscience &amp; 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