{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:45:46Z","timestamp":1792791946881,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cancer cachexia is an unmet clinical need that affects more than 50% of patients with cancer. The systemic inflammatory response, which is mediated by a network of cytokines, has an established role in the genesis and maintenance of cancer as well as in cachexia; yet, the specific role of the cytokine milieu in cachexia requires elucidation. This systematic review aims to examine the relationship between cytokines and the cachexia syndrome in patients with incurable cancer. The databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched for studies published between 01\/01\/2004 and 06\/01\/2020. Included studies measured cytokines and their relationship with cachexia and related symptoms\/signs in adults with incurable cancer. After title screening (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05202), the abstracts (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01264) and the full\u2010text studies (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0322) were reviewed independently by two authors. The quality assessment of the selected papers was conducted using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Overall, 1277 patients with incurable cancer and 155 healthy controls were analysed in the 17 eligible studies. The mean age of the patients was 64\u00a0\u00b1\u00a015 (mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0standard deviation). Only 34% of included participants were female. The included studies were assessed as moderate\u2010quality to high\u2010quality evidence (mean quality score: 7.8; range: 5\u201310). A total of 31 cytokines were examined in this review, of which interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106, 14 studies) and tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1, 12 studies) were the most common. The definitions of cachexia and the weight\u2010loss thresholds were highly variable across studies. Although the data could not be meta\u2010analysed due to the high degree of methodological heterogeneity, the findings were discussed in a systematic manner. IL\u20106, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and IL\u20108 were greater in cachectic patients compared with healthy individuals. Also, IL\u20106 levels were higher in cachectic participants as opposed to non\u2010cachectic patients. Leptin, interferon\u2010\u03b3, IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u201010, adiponectin, and ghrelin did not demonstrate any significant difference between groups when individuals with cancer cachexia were compared against non\u2010cachectic patients or healthy participants. These findings suggest that a network of cytokines, commonly IL\u20106, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and IL\u20108, are associated with the development of cachexia. Yet, this relationship is not proven to be causative and future studies should opt for longitudinal designs with consistent methodological approaches, as well as adequate techniques for analysing and reporting the results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T06:36:33Z","timestamp":1643178993000},"page":"824-838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["A systematic review examining the relationship between cytokines and cachexia in incurable cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5719-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Robert","family":"Paval","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah","family":"Patton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Columba's Hospice  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ninewells Hospital  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.E.","family":"Skipworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Surgery Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain J.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry J.","family":"Laird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Columba's Hospice  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Caledonian Cachexia 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