{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:01:59Z","timestamp":1791388919062,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV\u2010related sarcopenia is an emerging health issue that often remains undiagnosed and can lead to reduced quality of life, independence, and premature death if untreated. This study investigated the effects of a 6\u00a0month combined training (resistance plus aerobic exercise) (CT) intervention on diagnostic measures of sarcopenia, including grip strength, appendicular lean mass index (ALMI), and gait speed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty participants were randomized into either a CT group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a020; age\u00a0=\u00a038.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.9\u00a0years) or a control group (CON;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a020; age\u00a0=\u00a037.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.1\u00a0years). Participants in the CT group performed three supervised sessions per week for 6\u00a0months, consisting of weekly reverse linear periodized resistance training followed by 20\u00a0min aerobic training. Participants in the CON group were instructed to continue with their current lifestyle habits. Assessments were completed at baseline and after 6\u00a0months. Statistical analyses were performed using a two\u2010way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for sex and preintervention values. Primary outcomes included grip strength, ALMI, and gait speed. Secondary outcomes were changes in levels of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines (IL\u20106 and TNF\u2010\u03b1), IGF\u20101, and myostatin. Associations were explored between changes in inflammatory markers (IL\u20106 and TNF\u2010\u03b1), gait speed, and ALMI with grip strength.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant increase in ALMI was found for CT compared with CON (0.29\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.13\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>vs. \u22120.11\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.14\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, respectively;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Significant improvements in grip strength (7.86\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.50\u00a0kg for CT vs. \u22121.58\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.47\u00a0kg for CON) and gait speed (0.16\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.07\u00a0m\/s<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>for CT vs. \u22120.06\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.52\u00a0m\/s<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>for CON; both<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) were also observed in CT compared with CON. Reduction in inflammatory biomarkers was found in CT compared with CON (IL\u20106; TNF\u2010\u03b1, both<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). An increase in IGF\u20101 (74.36\u00a0\u00b1\u00a056.64\u00a0pg\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>for CT vs. 7.19\u00a0\u00b1\u00a099\u00a0pg\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>for CON;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and a decrease in myostatin (\u2212158.90\u00a0\u00b1\u00a062.03\u00a0pg\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>for CT vs. \u221243.33\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0146.60\u00a0pg\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>for CON;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) was found following CT compared with the CON group. Change in grip strength was correlated with changes in IL\u20106 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.65,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), TNF\u2010\u03b1 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.63,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), gait speed (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.63,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and ALMI (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.54,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001), but not IGF\u20101 and myostatin. No adverse events were recorded, and compliance with the CT exercise sessions was high (&gt;85%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combined training appears to be an effective means to counteract sarcopenia and improve various inflammatory markers and growth hormones in people living with HIV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T05:40:05Z","timestamp":1644471605000},"page":"1024-1035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Combined training improves the diagnostic measures of sarcopenia and decreases the inflammation in HIV\u2010infected individuals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Morteza","family":"Ghayomzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SeyedAhmad","family":"SeyedAlinaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian Research Center for HIV\/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High\u2010Risk Behaviors Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Gholami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine AJA University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Hosseini Rouzbahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine AJA University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabr\u00edcio","family":"Azevedo Voltarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Mato Grosso Cuiab'a 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