{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:30:42Z","timestamp":1790721042397,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]],"date-time":"2022-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A sarcopenia diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of low muscle quantity or quality under the 2018 revised definition by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2. Imaging methods [i.e. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)], dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bioelectrical impedance analysis are tools to evaluate muscle quantity or quality. The present study aimed to investigate whether and how low\u2010intensity and moderate\u2010intensity resistance training improved both muscle quantity and quality measured by MRI, DXA, and segmental bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (S\u2010BIS) in middle\u2010aged and older people.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A single\u2010blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted. Community\u2010dwelling people aged 50\u201379\u00a0years were randomly allocated to no exercise (no\u2010Ex), low\u2010intensity exercise (low\u2010Ex), and moderate\u2010intensity exercise (moderate\u2010Ex) groups. Participants in the exercise groups performed resistance training for 24\u00a0weeks, with loads of 40% and 60% of one repetition maximum in the low\u2010Ex and moderate\u2010Ex groups, respectively. Cross\u2010sectional area (CSA), lean mass, and muscle electrical properties on S\u2010BIS were used to determine the effects of training interventions on muscle quantity and quality of the lower limbs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty participants (no\u2010Ex 17, age 63.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.5\u00a0years, women 47.1%; low\u2010Ex 16, age 63.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.1\u00a0years, women 50.0%; moderate\u2010Ex 17, age 63.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.3\u00a0years, women 52.9%) completed the 24\u00a0week exercise intervention. For the primary outcome, significant intervention effects were found in thigh muscle CSA on MRI between the moderate\u2010Ex and no\u2010Ex groups (+6.8\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Low\u2010Ex for 24\u00a0weeks only increased quadriceps CSA (+2.3\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The per cent change of thigh muscle CSA (+7.0%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) after 24\u00a0week moderate\u2010Ex was higher than that of leg lean mass on DXA (+2.3%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.088). Moderate\u2010Ex for 24\u00a0weeks also improved S\u2010BIS electrical properties related to muscle quantity and quality, including the intracellular resistance index (+0.1\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/\u03a9, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), membrane capacitance (+0.7\u00a0nF, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), and phase angle (+0.3\u00a0deg, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05); their changes were positively correlated with that of thigh muscle CSA (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resistance exercise with moderate intensity improved muscle quantity and quality measured by MRI and S\u2010BIS, whereas that with low intensity only increased muscle quantity in middle\u2010aged and older people. The comparisons among the responses to exercise between the assessment methods indicate the greater value of MRI and S\u2010BIS to measure changes of muscle quantity and quality than of lean mass measured by DXA for assessing the local effects of resistance training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T07:35:05Z","timestamp":1645428905000},"page":"894-908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Effects of resistance training intensity on muscle quantity\/quality in middle\u2010aged and older people: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2482-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Care Science Suntory Wellness Ltd.  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health and Nutrition National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akifumi","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd. Research Institute  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Izumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Care Science Suntory Wellness Ltd.  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Rogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Care Science Suntory Wellness Ltd.  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Care Science Suntory Wellness Ltd.  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fukuda Clinic  Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuma","family":"Arimitsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Care, Undergraduate Department of Human Health Hachinohe Gakuin University  Hachinohe Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naokazu","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science Juntendo University  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kyoto 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